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| Volltext: | Index of Persons Adler, Victor, 1852—1918: Austrian socialist. Pounded Labour Paper in 1889; since 1905 leader of the Social Democratic Party in the Austrian House of Representatives. Was made Foreign Secretary in 1918, was in favour of the Anschluss of German-Austria to the German Reich. Auer, Ignaz, 1846—1907: Social Democrat and member of Reichstag. Was in the Party Executive of the SPD where he held a moderate line. Bassermann, Ernst, 1854—1917: Chairman of the National-Liberal Party and member of the Reichstag. Bauer, Gustav, 1870—1944: Trade-Union Leader, Social Democratic politician, 1912— 1933 member of the Reichstag, 1919—1920 Chancellor of the Reich. Bebel, August, 1840—1913: was instrumental in founding and became the leader of the Social Democratic Party which, from 1867, he represented in the Reichstag. Played an important role in devising the Erfurt Programme. Among his writings are: Christi-anity and Socialism (1892); Women and Socialism (1883); Autobiography, 3 vols. (1910-1914). Bernstein, Eduard, 1850—1932: Member of the Reichstag, representing the SPD. From 1881— 1890, editor of the Party organ "Sozialdemokrat", that was illegally distributed in Germany. Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 1856— 1921: German Reich-Chancellor (1909— 1917). Stood up for internal reforms but with little success. In foreign policy, tried conciliation with England. Bismarck, Otto, Fucrst von, 1815—1898: founder of the German Reich of 1871 and its first Chancellor until 1890. His home policy was characterized by frequent controversies with the Social Democrats (Anti- Socialist Law, cf. Note No. 2), and the Catholic Church (Kulturkampf). Boemelburg, Theodor, 1862—1912: Chairman of the Bricklayers' Union, Social Democratic politician and member of the Reichstag. Branting, Hjalmar, 1860—1925: Swedish politician. Participated in founding and was later leader of the Social Democratic Party in Sweden. Prime Minister (1921 — 1925). Braun, Otto, 1872—1955: Social Democratic politician, member of the Reichstag; Prime Minister of Prussia (1925—1932). Bruening, Heinrich, 1885—1970: politician of the Centre Party and Trade Unionist. From 1924—1933 he was member of the Reichstag from 1930—1932 Reich-Chancellor. Cuno, Wilhelm, 1876—1933: Reich-Chancellor, 1922—1923. Disraeli, Benjamin (Earl of Beaconsfield), 1804—1881: British statesman and leader of the Conservative Party. Prime Minister from 1874—1880. Leading representative of British Imperialism. Dittmann, Wilhelm, 1874—1954: Social Democratic politician, member of the Reichstag, 1912—1933. In 1916, participated in the foundation of the USPD. After the re-union of SPD and USPD (1922) became member of Executive Committee of SPD and Executive Chairman of the SPD-Parliamentary Faction. Eisner, Kurt, 1867—1919: editor of the Social Democratic paper, "Vorwaerts". Joined the USPD in 1917, played an essential role in the November-Revolution at Munidi in 1918. Became Prime Minister of Bavaria, was assassinated in 1919. Engels, Friedrich, 1820—1895: while in Berlin he was close to the radical Hegelian Left. In 1842, meeting with Karl Marx whose closest co-operator he became. Co-author (with Marx) of the Communist Manifesto (1848). From 1870, Secretary of the General Council of the International Workers' Association. Erzberger, Matthias, 1875—1921: politician of the Centre Party and member of the Reidistag. Signed the Armistice Agreement in November 1918. From 1919—1920 he was Minister of Finance. Was killed in 1921 by two former army officers. Fehrenbach, Konstantin, 1852—1926: politician of the Centre Party and member of the Reichstag. In 1919, President of the National Assembly at Weimar; 1920—1921 Chancellor. Groener, Wilhelm, 1867—1939: general during World War I. Later held various posts as minister. Haase, Hugo, 1863—1919: Socialist politician, member of the Reichstag. Together with Friedrich Ebert, Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Refused consent to war credits. In 1917, became leader of the Independent Social Democrats. Hilferding, Rudolf, 1877—1941: Socialist theoretician, author of the "Financial Capital". Editor-in-Chief of the "Freiheit", the organ of the USPD. Was Minister of Finance in 1923 and 1928. Was killed by the Gestapo. Hindenburg, Paul von Beneckendorff and von H., 1847—1934: Field-Marshall during World War I, Reich-President as from 1925. Hué, Otto, 1868—1922: Trade-Union leader, Social Democratic representative in the Reichstag. From 1894, editor of the Berg- und Huettenarbeiterzeitung in Bochum. Jaurès, Jean, 1859—1914: French Socialist, Professor of Philosophy, Deputy. Advocated Franco-German reconciliation, resolute pacifist. Kahr, Gustav Ritter von, 1862—1934: Prime Minister of Bavaria (1920/21). Played an important role in the suppression of the Hitler-Putsch. By supporting particularist tendencies in Bavaria, came into conflict with Reich-Government. Kautsky, Karl, 1854—1938: Socialist politician and theoretician. Principal author of the Erfurt Programme (1891) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Represented orthodox Marxism and fought Bernstein's Revisionisms. Lassalle, Ferdinand, 1825—1864: German socialist and founder of the "Universal Ger- man Workingmen's Association" in 1863, the first step to the formation of a Social Democratic Party in Germany. Differed from Marx in his philosophy of the state, made free suffrage the principal aim of his endeavours and very early succeeded in making the Labour Movement independent of "bourgeois" democracy. Ledebour, Georg, 1850—1947: Social Democratic politician, member of the Reichstag from 1900—1918. Later went over to the USPD and the Socialist Workers' Party. In 1933, emigrated to Switzerland. Legien, Karl, 1861—1920: Trade-Union leader, member of the Reichstag. Since 1919, chairman of the ADGB (Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund — General Confederation of German Trade Unions). In 1920, he proclaimed the general strike causing the collapse of the Kapp-Putsch. Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 1870—1924: Russian revolutionary and statesman. Overthrew the Kerenski-Government in October 1917 and became the founder of the Soviet Union. Further developing the Marxist doctrine, Leninism became the basis of present-day Soviet ideology. Lensch, Paul, 1873—1926: Social Democratic politician, member of the Reichstag. Editor of various newspapers. Liebknecht, Karl, 1871—1919: Social Democratic representative in the Reichstag, 1912— 1916. Together with Rosa Luxemburg, he belonged to the leadership of the Spartacists. Was shot by Government troops in Berlin in 1919. Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 1826—1900: politician. Participated in the Revolution of 1848/49. Spent the year 1850 together with Karl Marx ln London. Apart from Bebel, the best known leader of the united Social Democrats in 1875. Lincoln, Abraham, 1809—1865: President of the United States of America from 1861— 1865. After having been elected, his attitude on the slave question caused the Civil War. After the war, he was pre-eminently concerned with the restoration of the unity of the nation. On 15th April, 1865, he was assassinated by a fanatic from the South. Lloyd George, David, Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, 1863—1945: British statesman and social reformer. Ludendorff, Erich, 1865—1937: Quartermaster General at Supreme Army Command during World War I. After 1916, he increasingly gained influence on Government policy; participated in Hitler-Putsch in 1923. Luxemburg, Rosa, 1870—1919: Socialist politician and important theoretician of Marxism. Founded, together with Karl Liebknecht, the Spartacist Movement and the Communist Party of Germany, being the author of its first programme. She was murdered, together with Liebknecht, in Berlin, on 15th January, 1919. Mann, Heinrich, 1871—1950: German author, dramatist and essayist. Wrote int. al.: Der Untertan (1918); Die Jugend des Koenigs Henri Quatre (1935); Die Vollendung des Koenigs Henri Quatre (1938). Marx, Karl, 1818—1883: German theoretician of socialism. Founder of Marxism and dialectic materialism. In 1848, brought out Communist Manifesto (together with Friedrich Engels). Main work: Das Kapital. Max, Prince of Baden, 1867—1929: From 3rd October, 1918, he was Reich-Chancellor in a Coalition-Cabinet that included the Majority-Socialists. On 9th November, 1918, he proclaimed the abdication of the Emperor and transferred the office of Chancellor to Ebert. Meinecke, Friedrich, 1862—1954: historian. He was, besides Dilthey and Troeltsch, the founder of the History of Thought and Ideas. Molkenbuhr, Hermann, 1851—1927: SPD-representative in the Reichstag and member of Party Executive. Mueller, Hermann, 1876—1931: member of SPD-Party Executive. Chancellor in 1920 and from 1928—1930. Naumann, Friedrich, 1860—1919: liberal politician. In 1896, he formed the National- Social Association. By advocating social measures, he tried to win over the workers to the State. Had great influence on younger generation. Theodor Heuss was one of his disciples. Noske, Gustav, 1868—1946: Social Democratic politician. Minister of Defense (Reichswehrminister) from February, 1919, to March, 1920. He was responsible for the suppression of the Spartacus-Rcvolt in January, 1919. After the Kapp-Putsch he was forced by his Party to resign. Pfannkuch, Wilhelm, 1841—1923: member of SPD-Party Executive, Chairman by Seniority of the National Assembly of Weimar. Preuss, Hugo, 1860—1925: lecturer of Political Law. Played an essential role in the drafting of the Weimar Constitution; author of, among others: Stadt und Staat (1909); Deutschlands republikanische Reichsverfassung (1921). Raabe, Wilhelm, 1831—1910: German writer and poet, representative of poetical realism profound "Kulturpessimismus" (Disappointment in civilization). Radbruch, Gustav, 1878—1949: politician and Law Teacher. Social Democratic member of the Reichstag from 1920—1924, several times Minister of Justice. Rathenau, Walter, 1867—1922: German political economist. Minister of Reconstruction, from 1922 Foreign Minister. Concluded Rapallo-Treaty in 1922 (cf. Note No. 138). On account of his policy of fulfilment killed by nationalists in the same year. Scheidemann, Philipp, 1865—1939: Social Democratic representative of the Reichstag since 1903. On 9th November, 1918, he proclaimed the Republic of Germany. From February until June, 1919, he was Prime Minister of the Reich, later Mayor of Cassel. Emigrated in 1933. Schlicke, Alexander, 1863—1940: Trade Unionist, Chairman of the Metal Workers' Association, member of the Reichstag. In 1919/20 he was Minister of Labour of the Reich. From 1921—1925 he was Director of the Berlin Office of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Seeckt, Hans von, 1866—1936: Colonel- General. During World War I, Chief of General Staff. 1920—1926, Chief of Army Division of the Reichswehr. Singer, Paul, 1844—1911: Chairman of SPD (with Bebel) and of its parliamentary faction. Sinovjev, Grigorij, 1883—1936: Soviet politician; 1919—1926 Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Third International (Comintern). In 1923, worked as agitator in Germany. In 1927/28 he was expelled from the Party by Stalin, executed in 1936. Stinnes, Hugo, 1870—1924: big industrialist. Stresemann, Gustav, 1878—1929: National- Liberal. Reich-Minister of Foreign Affairs (1923—1929). He was one of the most important politicians of the Weimar Republic. Advocated policy of conciliation with France, prepared Germany's entry into League of Nations. In 1926, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace together with Aristide Briand. Trimborn, Carl, 1854—1921: politician of the Centre Party and member of the Reichstag. In 1919, became Chairman of the Centre Party and of its parliamentary faction. Vollmar, Georg von, 1850—1922: Social Democratic politician; 1890—1918, member of Reichstag. Weber, Max, 1864—1920: economist and sociologist, founder of Sociology of Religion. He developed the notion of "typical ideals", held the view that empirical cultural sciences were completely free in their evaluation. In the political field, he advocated, together with Friedrich Naumann, the idea of a National Democracy. Wels, Otto, 1873—1939: Social Democratic politician. Member of the Reichstag. From 1931 to 1933, Chairman of SPD. Speaking for the SPD, he explained the reasons for rejecting the Enabling Law (Ermaechtigungsge-setz) with the help of which Hitler tried to gain unlimited power over the Government and Parliament. He emigrated, in 1933, to Czechoslovakia, from where he led the Exil- SPD. Wilhelm II, 1859—1941: Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia (1888—1918). He was the representative of an outwardly glorious epoch of German history (the Wil-helminian Period). Left Germany in November 1918, signed his abdication on 28th November, 1918. Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 1856—1924: President of the United States of America (1913—1921). Proclaimed a Peace Programme of Fourteen Points in 1918 which was, however, incorporated into the Peace Treaty of Versailles in part only. He mainly advocated the idea of the League of Nations. Wirth, Joseph, 1879—1956: represented the Centre Party at the Reichstag. Held several Ministerial posts. When he was Reich- Chancellor, he forced through acceptance of the London-Ultimatum. |
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