| Volltext: | Index A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Manet), 129—33, 139, 267, 269 Aboriginal culture, 253—54 Abstract art Courbet on, 242 and de Stijl, 78-79 sign and meaning in, 23—24 simulacra, 41 Accursed Share (Bataille), 304 Action theory, 64 Adorno, Theodor, 159-60, 202—3, 265, 272-73, 302 Advertising, 119-21 Aesthetica (Baumgarten), 295 Aesthetics and art history, 139-40 and ethics, 283 and fetish, 197-98 Hegel on, 296, 297 history of, 296-98 idealist representation, 13 Kant on, 295 and modernism, 146—47, 149 and moral judgment, 149 origin of term, 197 value considerations, 292-98 Voltaire on, 292—93 "Affirmative Character of Culture, The" (Marcuse), 160-61 Agee, James, 209, 218 Agreement classes, 228-32 Alhazen, Book of Optics, 10 Alienation, 264 Allegory of Prudence (Titian), 89—91, 93, 94, 100 Allen, Woody, 214 Althusser, Louis, 205, 241 "Anecdote of the Jar" (Stevens), ix-xi, xiv-xv, 324 Anthropological approach to value, 300, 303-4 Anti-aesthetic, 156 Anti-avant garde, 156, 161 Apollo and Coronis (Elsheimer), 98—99, 100 Appiah, Anthony, 315—16 Appropriation, 116—27 advertising, 119—20 contemporary art trends, 120—22 and cultural representation, 123-24 etymology, 117 and influence, 118 and interpretation, 120 land and monuments, 124-25 and myth, 118—20 Appropriation art, 121 Aquinas, Thomas, 7, 8 Arab cultures, 176 Aragon, Louis, 265, 271 Arcades project (Passagen-Werk'), 203,252,265 Architectural modernism, xi Arendt, Hannah, 322 Aristotle, 4-6, 49, 55 Amolfini Wedding (van Eyck), 7 Art, 325-26 as Map, 318 museology and museography, 282-84, 288 self-definition of, 269 value of, 311 see also Representation; specific styles "Art and Objecthood" (Fried), 210 Art auction, 304 Art Bulletin, The, xiii Art historian, as storyteller, 131 Art history, 129-41 "end" of, 135-36 chess metaphor, 134, 135 contextual considerations, 72—74 Danto's structuralist perspectives, 133—37, 140 Hegel on, 135—36 history of representation, 12, 15 implications of word/image problematic, 55-56 and narrative form, 67 postmodern transformations and "crises" xi-xiii poststructuralist perspectives, 134-35 simulacra in, 39-41 353 Index Art history' (continued) Stokes on, 139-40 vs. aesthetic response, 139-40 Wölfflin on, 138-39 Wollheim on, 136-39, 140 Art History, xii Ait Journal, xii Artist, 311 Artistic genius, 297 Arts and Crafts movement, 162 Auction, 304 Auerbach, Erich, 297 Australian aboriginal culture, 253-54 Authenticity, commodification of, 277 Author, vs. actor, 322 Autographic style, 275 Autonomy, 159 commodification issues, 257 contextual issues, 71, 76 and institutions, 161 Avant-garde, 156-68 anti-institutional character, 159-60, 161 arts-and-crafts, 162 Bürgers and Poggioli's theories, 158—62, 164 commodification issues, 265, 269, 274—77 Greenberg on, 145-46, 164-66 and modernism, 157 and naturalistic representation, 156-57 originality issues, 164, 167 poetics of gender, 164-65 postmodern theories, 158 primitivism, 163 progressive vs. conservative branches, 166 Ringgold's Picasso's Studio, 156-58, 161-68 and social reform, 159 and value, 294-95 Bacon, Francis, 9, 13, 41 Bacon, Roger, 32 Bahktin, Mikhail, 217 Bal, Miekc, 48, 56 Baptism of Christ (Francesco), 133, 137 Barque of Dante, after Delacroix, The (Manet), 131 Barr, Alfred, 78 Barthes, Roland, 27-28, 58, 60, 118-20, 170, 251 Bataille, Georges, 33, 202, 300, 304 Bateson, Gregory, 193 Baudelaire, Charles, 129-31, 143-44, 251, 265, 314 Baudrillard, Jean, 35, 38-39, 120, 205, 237-38, 251, 252, 262, 303, 304, 311 Bauhaus, 162 Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, 197, 295 Baxandall, Michael, 118, 314 Beauty, 292-93, 295 Beauvoir, Simone de, 172 Beholding, 208 Bell, Clive, 147, 149 Benjamin, Walter, 34—35, 129, 158, 159, 252, 262, 308, 314 on commodification of culture, 265, 271-73 on value, 298 Berenson, Bernard, 137 Berkeley, George, 47 Bermingham, Ann, 124 Bhabha, Homi, 123 Biblical narrative, 58-63, 68—69 Bildung, 296—97 Binet, Alfred, 201 Birth of Venus (Cabanel), 152 Black Mountain College, 162 Blake, Peter, 308-9, 316 Blier, Suzanne Preston, 171 Bloch, Ernst, 265-66 Bloom, Harold, 94 Bloomsbury, 162 Board, Marilyn, 174, 176 Bolland, G. J. P. J., 82 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 126—27 Boorstin, Daniel J., 318, 319 Botticelli, 138-39 Bourdieu, Pierre, 122-23, 200, 294 Bourgeois culture, 14 and the primitive, 182-83 and transition from classicism to romanticism-modernism, 104 see also Class Bowness, Alan, 245—46n Breathed, Berkeley, 23 Brecht, Bertolt, 214, 265, 272 Breton, André, 159 Bricologe, 316 BrilloBox (Warhol), 134, 137 Brosses, Charles de, 197, 302 Brown, J. Carter, 317 Bryson, Norman, xii-xiii, 48, 94, 216 Buber, Martin, 217 Buchloh, Benjamin H. D., 120 Buck-Morss, Susan, 203, 271 Bürger, Peter, 158-62, 164 Burgess, Gelett, 181 354 Index Burial at Omans (Courbet), 245, 248, 250 Burke, Edmund, 198 Burckhardt, Jakob Christopher, 244 Cabanel, Alexandre, 152 Calling of Moses (door panel), 58-63, 68-69 Capital (Marx), 13, 119, 239, 263, 264, 301 Capitalism and appropriation, 119-20 fetishism, 201, 212-13 value concepts, 301-2 see also Commodity and commodification Capriccio (Canaletto), 126 Caricature, 23, 181 Camivalesque, 182 Caro, Anthony, 148 Carter, Michael, 275-76 Carvaggio, 138 Cassatt, Mary, 132 Cave paintings, 40 Celmins, Vija, 111—15 Cezanne, Paul, 41, 108 Chess metaphor for art history, 134, 135 Clark, T. J., xii, 76, 237, 241, 244-45, 251, 268 Class and aesthetic values, 294 in landscape art, 124 and the primitive, 182—83 and realism, 76 and representation, 14 and shift from classicism to romanticism/ modernism, 104 and value, 302 Classic Art (Wolfflin), 138 Classicism modernist rejection of, 142 transition to romanticism/modemism, 104 Clifford, James, 123, 171 Clouzot, H., 202 Coevalness, 171 Collage, 121, 122, 160, 161, 316 Colonialism, 177-82, 201, 260, 321 Comic strips, 23 Commodity and commodification, 257-79, 298 Adorno on, 272 and authenticity, 277 Baudelaire on, 265 Baudrillard on, 262 Benjamin on, 262, 271—73 contemporary art, 275—76 definitions, 258 implications for criticism, 258 and Koons's work, 277 and Léger's work, 269-71 and Manet's work, 266-69 Marxist perspectives, 257, 259, 261—66, 301-2 socialist, 270 value concepts, 263, 275-76, 301-2 gift exchange systems, 260-61, 303-4 Commodity fetishism, 202-3, 212-13, 263-64, 266, 302, 303, 305 Communication, narrative as, 65—67, 68—69 Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (Venturi), 158 Compositum with Colored Planes V (Mondrian), 78 Composition with Hand and Hats (Léger), 270 Computer collage, 122 Comte, Auguste, 199-200 Confessions (Augustine), 103 Connelly, Frances, 181 Connoisseurship, 137, 244 Connoted meaning, 28 Conrad, Joseph, 175, 201 Conservative avant-gardism, 166 Context, 70-85, 133 and art history, 72-74 and autonomy, 71, 76 and cities, 70-71 ideal, 75-76 Mondrian's work, 76-85 Quatremère de Quincy on, 70—71 structuralist and poststructuralist art history perspectives, 134-35 Wölfflin on, 73-74 Cooper, Frederick, 172 Cornell, Joseph, 204 Cosimo, Piero di, 96-97 Courbet, Gustave, 182, 241-45, 248-50, 308, 316 Courtes, Joseph, 62 Covenant, in narrative, 62, 66 Crary, Jonathan, 88 Cratylus (Plato), 5, 52 Creativity, 174 Crimp, Douglas, 110, 120, 122 Critic, 311-12 Critical Inquiry, xii Criticism commodification issues, 258 modernist tradition, 147 355 Index Criticism (continued) and value, 292, 293 Critique of Judgment (Kant), 199, 295 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 12 Crow, Thomas, 48 Cubism, 160, 171 de Stijl, 78-79 and Mondrian's Pier and Ocean, 79-81 Ringgold's work, 162 Cubism and Abstract Art (Barr), 78 Cult value, 71 Curtius, E. R., 297 Dadaism, 158, 160, 161 Damisch, Hubert, xii Danse, La (Matisse), 163 Danto, Arthur, 63, 133-38, 140 David, J.-L., 224 Death ofProcris, The (Cosimo), 96-97 Debord, Guy, 39, 215-16, 251 Deep structure, 318 Degas, Edgar, 183, 222-27, 229-32, 268,269 de Kooning, Willem, 135, 165 Delacroix, Eugène, 107-8, 131 Deleuze, Gilles, 32-34, 40-41, 43, 251 De Memoria (Aristotle), 5 Denis, Maurice, 147 Denoted meaning, 28 de Passe, Crispin, 92 de Passe, Magdalena, 92-99 Depth metaphysics of, 312 perspective, 316 Derain, André, 165, 181 Derrida, Jacques, 11, 105, 134, 205-6, 241, 255,310 Descartes, René, 10-11, 295 de Stijl, 162 Mondrian's work, 78-85 de Vos, Marten, 92, 93 Dick, Philip K., 42 Digital images, 122 Distinction (Bourdieu), 122-23 Dome of the Rock, 125 Duchamp, Marcel, xi, 158, 161, 165 Duncan, Carol, 158, 165, 174 Dunes and Sea (Mondrian), 78 Dürer, Albrecht, 319-20 Durkheim, Emile, 200 Eakins, Thomas, 249 Eco, Umberto, 29 Economics, 259, 298—300. See also Commodity and commodification Eliot, T. S., 87 Elsheimer, Adam, 93—100 Endless semiosis, 19-20 Ernst, Max, 165 Ethics, and aesthetics, 283 Evans, Walker, 109, 209, 210, 217-18 Exchange value, 39, 263, 275-76, 301 Exhibition value, 71 Exhibits "Circa 1492" 317-20 "Les Magiciens de la Terre" 317 Expressionism, 160, 183, 214, 274-75 Fabian, Johannes, 170, 171 Feminism. See Gender Feminist film criticism, 211—14 Ferry, Luc, 295 Fetish and fetishism, 197—206 Adorno on, 202-3 aesthetic issues, 197-98 Benjamin on, 203 Bourdieu on, 200 commodity fetishism, 202—3, 212-13, 263-64, 266, 302, 303, 305 Comte on, 199-200 Freud on, 204-5, 304—5 gender and sexuality, 200, 204—6, 211—12, 304-5 Kant on, 198, 199 Marx on, 198, 201, 202, 263, 302, 303 modernism, 212 origin of term, 302 poststructuralist theories, 206 primitive art, 201-2 psychological theory, 204 Fielding, Henry, 213 Field of Cultural Production, The (Bouiÿlieu), 200 Figuration, 323, 324 Film gaze in, 211—14 narrative in, 67—68 suturing of word and image, 50 Foster, Hal, 41, 119, 120, 310, 312-13 Foucault, Michel, 33-34, 118, 241 Fountain (Duchamp), 161, 165 Francesco, Piero della, 133 Freud, S., 11, 21, 204-5, 211, 300, 304-5 Frey, Dagobert, 67 356 Index Fried, Michael, 48, 67, 146-48, 153, 154, 210-11, 249-50 Fry, Roger, 147 Frye, Northrop, 61 Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, 192 Futurism, 160 Galileo, 8 Gauguin, Paul, 108, 165, 171, 172, 175 Gaze, 208-18, 287 Bahktin on, 217 Evans's Sharecroppers Wife, 216-18 Fried on, 210-11, 214 mirror identification, 214-15 Mulvey's feminist film criticism, 211-14 negative aspects, 214-16 photography, 209 Sartre on, 218 visual vs. tactile senses, 208 Geertz, Clifford, 194 Gender, 220-33 agreement classes, 228-32 and creativity, 174 Degas's Young Spartans, 222—27, 229-32 "difference" and "agreement" perspectives, 220-22, 225, 226-27 essential identity, 222 fetishism, 200, 204-6, 211-12, 304-5 and gaze, 211—12, 216 grammatical model, 221, 227—28, 231 madness and hysteria, 174 modernist misogyny, 82 and modes of production, 244 in Mondrian's work, 81-82 and nudity, 123 and the primitive, 172-77 race and sexuality, 176-77 and representation, 81—82 subgenders and supergenders, 229 and theory of the avant-garde, 164-65 Genius, 297 Gentileschi, Artemisia, 97-98, 132 Giacommetti, Alberto, 165, 202 Giddens, Anthony, 314 Gift exchange systems, 260-61, 303—4 Gilman, Sander L., 176, 183 Giorgione, 137 Globality, 315, 321 Gluckman, Max, 192 Gobineau, Joseph de, 178 God, simulacrum of, 38 Gombrich, Emst, 12, 138-39 Goudt, Hendrick, 93, 95, 96, 97 Goux, J.J., 300 Goya, 246 Grabar, Oleg, 125 Grammatical model of gender and representation, 221, 227-28, 231 Granoff, Wladimir, 205 Greenberg, Clement, 55, 129, 137, 145-49, 154, 164-65, 166, 244, 277 Greenblatt, Stephen, 177 Gregory, C. A., 259, 261-66 Greimas, Algirdas Julien, 62, 64 Gross Clinic, The (Eakins), 249 Grotesque, 181 Guattari, Félix, 40, 43, 251 Guillaume, Paul, 202 Gypsy, The (Matisse), 177 Haacke, Hans, 41, 122, 216 Habermas, Jürgen, 161, 163 Hadjinicolaou, Nicos, 158, 166, 246 Haraway, Donna J., 42-43 Harvey, David, 120 Hauser, Arnold, 73—74 Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 175 Heckel, Erich, 165 Hegel, G. W. F., 135-36, 198, 296, 297 Heidegger, Martin, 243n Hélène Rmtart (Degas), 269 Herakles (ancient sculpture), 125—26 Herbert, Robert L., 139 Herwitz, Daniel, 158, 166 Hieroglyphics, 22 Hippodrome, 125—26 Historian as storyteller, 131 Historical event, 315 Historical intermediacy, 312—13 History, 129-32 museology and museography, 281—82, 289-90 of representation, 12, 15 ShifPs conical model of, 105-6 of value, 296-98 History and Class Consciousness (Lukäcs), 264-65 History of art. See Art history Höch, Hannah, 161 Hockney, David, 308 Hodgkin, Howard, 308 Holländische Gruppenporträt, Das (Riegl), 67 Hollier, Denis, 202 Homoeroticism, 230, 232 357 Index Homosexuality, as subgender, 229 Horace, 49 Horses of San Marco, 116-17, 119, 125-27 Hosefros, Paul, 35, 36 Hume, David, 198 Husserl, Edmund, 64 Huyghe, René, 171 Huyssen, Andreas, 158 Hysteria, 174 Iconography, 87-89, 95-96, 244 Calling of Moses panel, 58-63 semiotic analysis, 22-23 Iconology, 48 Idealist representation, 12-15 Ideology and Bacon, 9 and representation, 13-14 see also Marxism Image, 21-23 commodification of, 262 iconology, 48 Plato on, 5, 15 sound, 52 word/visual relationships, 47-56 see also Representation; Word and image Images d'Epinal, 182 Imagination, 10, 12 Imitation. See Appropriation; Simulacra Impressionism gaze, 208 simulacral history of art, 40-41 Indian temple sculpture, 75 Influence, 92-95, 118 and "primitive" art, 171 Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 108 Installation art, 122 Institutionalization of art, 159-60 Interprétant, 18-19 Interpretation, 87-100, 135, 319 and appropriation, 120 Bacon on, 9 Barthes on, 27-28 endless semiosis, 19-20 and language, 21 misinterpreted mythology, 95-99 and multiple author influences, 92-95 Panofsky on, 28, 87-90, 100 Invention, 107 Investment in art, 276 Irigaray, Luce, 206 Islamic art, 125 Iteration, 314-15 JacofF, Michael, 126 Jakobson, Roman, 205 Jameson, Fredric, 39, 311—12, 316 Jay, Martin, 34 Jazz, 166 Jeanniot, Georges, 129 Jencks, Charles, xi, 308 Johnson, William H., 163 Jonson, Ben, 55 Journals and publications, xii, xiii, 34 Judd, Donald, 310 Jugendstil, 162 Kandinsky, W., 41 Kant, Immanuel, 12, 13, 198, 199, 295 Keats, John, x Kilson, Marion, 193 Kirchner, Ernst, 165 Kitsch, 145, 147, 277 Klossowski, Pierre, 33 Kofman, Sarah, 206 Kojève, Alexandre, 136 Koons, Jeff, 277 Krauss, Rosalind E., 134, 158, 164 Kristeva, Julia, 206, 241 Kruger, Barbara, 121—22, 212 Labor theory of value, 263, 275-76, 301 Lacan, Jacques, 105, 205, 211, 214, 244, 315 Landscape painting, sociopolitical implications, 124 Language, 47 and ritual, 192 and semiotic implications, 21-23 visual, 47-48 see also Word and image Laocoon: An Essay upon the Limits of Painting and Poetry (Lessing), 55, 63—64, 134 Lascaux cave paintings, 40 Lash, Scott, 279 Last Supper, The (Leonardo), 74 Lavin, Maude, 161 Lawler, Louise, 122 Lawrence, D. H., 177 Léger, Fernand, 269-71 Leighten, Patricia, 181 Leiris, Michel, 202 Lentricchia, Frank, xiv Leonardo da Vinci, 20, 74, 140, 319 358 Index Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (Picasso), 156, 164, 170, 181, 202,216 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 49, 53, 55, 63-64, 134 Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Agee), 209 Level, A., 202 Levenson, Jay A., 318 Levine, Sherrie, 38, 109-11, 113-14, 121-22 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 136, 175, 192, 205 Literalist art, 210-11 Literary image. See Word and image Lukâcs, Georg, 202, 264-65, 302, 303 Luncheon in the Studio (Manet), 267 Lyotard, J.F., 300, 307, 316, 321 Lysippus, 125, 126 McCulloch, John Ramsey, 238-39 MacGaffey, Wyatt, 203 McLaughlin, Thomas, xiv McNelly, Cleo, 175-76 Madness, 174 Magritte, R., 33-34 Mainardi, Patricia, 166 Major, John, 23 Manet, Edouard, 129-33, 139, 140, 143-44, 146, 150-53, 177, 216, 251, 266-69 Mann, Paul, 167 Marcuse, Herbert, 160-61 Martin, Jean-Hubert, 317 Martinetti, F. T., 82 Martinn, Agnes, 132 Martyrdom of Saint Stephen (Tintoretto), 99 Marx, Karl, 294, 341 on commodity, 257, 263-64, 301—2 on fetishism, 198, 201, 202, 263-64, 302, 303 history writing, 131—32 on ideology, 13—14 on production, 301 on value, 300, 301-2 Marxism commodity perspectives, 259, 261-66 and modes of production, 238-41, 243-44 myth and appropriation, 119-20 necessity of, 255 unorthodox, 264—65 Masaccio, 107 Mass media association of word and image, 50 simulacrum, 38—39 Massacre of the Innocents (Tintoretto), 99 Mathematical representation, 8 Mathews, Patricia, 174, 325 Matisse, Henri, 84, 163, 176, 177 Mauss, Marcel, 202, 260, 300, 303-4 Meaning, 87-100 and audience, 18 Barthes on, 27-28 in de Passe's work, 92—99 industrial production and exchange of, 266 Panofsky on, 87-90 semiotic theory, 17-29 see also Interpretation; Sign Meaning in the Visual Arts (Panofsky), 87, 89 Mechel, Chretien de, 72 Medici, Cosomo I de', 8 Meditations (Descartes), 10 Meeting, The (Blake), 308-9, 316 Meeting, The (Courbet), 308 Meillassoux, Claude, 194 Memory, 5, 11, 50 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 135 Metamorphoses (Ovid), 95, 96, 97, 98 Metaphor, drawing as, 307 Metz, Christian, 55 Miller, Christopher L., 177 Minimal art, 136-37 Minimalist art, 78, 210 Mirror of Production, The (Baudrillard), 237-38 "Mirror Stage, The" (Lacan), 214 Mitchell, W. J., 122, 124 Modem Art Circle, 83 Modernism, 142-54 aesthetic issues, 146—47, 149 in architecture, xi and avant-garde, 145, 147, 157 commodification issues, 257—58, 262 critical tradition, 147 and fetish, 212 Fried on, 146-48, 153, 154 fusion of process and presentation, 250 gender issues, 82 Greenberg on, 145-49, 154 Manet's Olympia, 143-44, 150-53 and modernity, 145 and Mondrian, 78—79 moral judgments, 149 originality issues, 104, 107, 145 and the "primitive" 170, 180-83 and realism, 148—49, 153-54 sign in, 23 simulacrum, 33—34 sociocultural usage, 143 359 Index Modernism {continued) Stevens's uAnecdote of the Jar" ix-xi transition from classicism, 104 Modernity and aesthetic value, 294-95, 298 aesthetics and ethics, 283 as age of criticism, 292 and Baudelaire, 266 commodity and commodification issues, 266-72 and context, 75 and Manet, 266-69 and modernism, 145 and modes of production, 251-53 Modes of production, 237-55. See also Production Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci), 20, 140 Mondrian, Piet, 70, 76-85, 159 Monet, Claude, 78 Moral judgment vs. aesthetic judgment, 149 Morisot, Berthe, 132 Morrison, Toni, 315 Moses, 58-63, 68-69 Mukarovsky, Jan, 87, 88 Multiculturalism, 123 Mulvey, Laura, 206, 211-14 Munch, Edvard, 165, 311-12, 313 Munroe, Thomas, 202 Murray, Elizabeth, 132 Muscology and museography, 281-90 Museum, 281-90 art, 282-84, 288 and autonomy of avant-garde art, 161 contextual issues, 70-72, 76-78 as convention of curatorship, 317 epistemological status, 285-86 history', 281-82, 289-90 stage/craft, 285-87 subject, 284-85, 287-88 and value of art, 299 Museum of Modem Art (New York), 76-78, 85, 123 Museum without walls, 73, 127 Music, modernism in, 142 Myth, and appropriation, 118-20 Mythic speech, 170 Narrative, 58-69 and art history', 67 Calling of Moses panel, 58-63 as communication, 65-67, 68-69 Barthes on, 58, 60 covenant in, 62, 66 desire in, 64-65 film studies, 67-68 lack in, 65 Riegl on, 67 transformation in, 63—64, 66 Naturalistic representation, 156—58 Nature and gender, 172-74 interpretation vs. anticipation of, 9 and originality, 104-5, 112-13 Nelson, Robert, 323 Neoclassical economics, 259, 298—300. See also Commodity and commodification Neoplasticism (Mondrian's style), 78-85, 159 Neoprimitive style, 163 New Literary History, xii Newman, Barnett, 154 New realism, 270 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 11, 294 NoaNoa (Gauguin), 175 Noble savage, 178, 179 Noland, Kenneth, 148 Nolde, Emil, 175, 183 Novelty, and originality, 108 Nude Descending a Staircase (Duchamp), 165 Oath oftheHoratii (David), 224 Oceanic art, 171, 182 "Ode on a Grecian Um" (Keats), x Oedipus complex, 204—5 Olitski, Jules, 148 Olympia (Manet), 143-44, 146, 150-53, 177, 216, 266 Optics (Descartes), 10-11 Oriental art, 176 Originality, 103-15 and avant-garde, 134, 164, 167 Celmins's work, 111-15 classical vs. modem views, 104-5, 107 imitation and copying, 106—7 Levine's reproductions, 109—11, 113—14 and modernism, 145 and nature, 104-5, 112—13 and novelty, 108 poststructuralist art, 109-11 Shiffs conical model of history, 105—6 Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths, The (Krauss), 134 Origin of the World, The (Courbet), 244 Ortner, Sherry, 172—73 Orton, Fred, 172 Ovid, 95, 96, 97, 98 Owens, Craig, 120 360 Index "Painter of Modem Life, The" (Baudelaire), 144, 251 Painting of Modem Life, The (Clark), 251 Panofsky, Erwin, 28, 30, 48, 55, 74, 87-90, 100, 244 Paris Peasant (Aragon), 265, 271 Parallax, 312, 321 Passagen-Werk (Arcades project), 203, 252, 265 Pater, Walter, 140-41 "Pay for the Printer" (Dick), 42 Peasants Returning from Flagey (Courbet), 245 Peirce, Charles Sanders, 17, 18-19, 26 Pellizzi, Francesco, 203 Perspectival narration, 68 Perspective, 8, 40, 217 Phantasm, 31—32 Phantasmic criticism of art, 42 Philebus (Plato), 3 Photography appropriation issues, 121-22 gaze, 209 originality issues, 106, 109-11 semiotic analysis, 27-28 simulacra, 34—35, 41 Photomontage, 121 Picasso, Pablo, 156, 163, 170-71, 181, 202, 216 Picasso's Studio (Ringgold), 156-58, 161-68 Pier and Ocean (Mondrian), 76-79, 80-85 Pippin, Horace, 163 Pixels, 122 Plato on origins, 103 on representation, 3—5, 7—8, 15 simulacrum, 31-32 on word and image, 52 Platonism, Deleuze's "reversal" of, 32-34 Poetry, ix-xi, 7, 49, 55 Poggioli, Renato, 158-64 Politics (Aristotle), 5 Pollock, Griselda, 165, 172 Pollock, Jackson, 165, 249 Pop art, 33 Portrait of Comélie Morisot and Edma Pontillon (Morisot), 132 Portrait of a Lady with an Ermine (Leonardo), 319 Postcolonialism. See Postmodernism, Bhabha on Postmodernism, ix-x, 142, 156, 324. See also Poststructuralism Bhabha on, 307-22 definitions of, 307, 321-22 Bürger on, 160-61 commodity issues, 257-58, 273, 277 theories of the avant-garde, 158 Poststructuralism, 310 and art history, 134-35 fetish in, 206 originality issues, 105, 109-11 Potlatch rituals, 303-4 Pound, Ezra, 159 "Precession of Simulacra, The" (Baudrillard), 35, 38 Price, Sally, 123, 170, 299 Primitive, 170-83 class issues, 182-83 collective vs. individual expression forms, 171 fetish, 201-2 gender issues, 172—77 and modernism, 180-82, 183 race and colonialism, 177—82 race and sexuality, 176—77 romantic view of, 181 temporal and spatial considerations, 170-72 Vogel on, 202 Primitive Art in Civilized Places (Price), 123 Primitivism, 163, 170 Production, 237—55 in art, 241-44 Australian aboriginal culture, 253-54 Baudrillard on, 237-38 context of, 71 Courbet's work, 241—45, 248-50 implications for art writers, 254 Marxist perspectives, 238-41, 243—44, 301 and modernity, 251—53 of modes of, 244-51 realist representation, 245, 248—50, 254 in Taylor's work, 251-52 and value, 301 see also Commodity and commodification Productivist Group, 250 Progressive avant-gardism, 166 Propp, Vladimir, 64 Purview, 287 Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysostôme, 70, 106-7 "Quattro Cento" art, 140 Queer theory, 220-21, 229, 231 Quilts, Ringgold's Picasso's Studio, 156-58, 161-68 Quintilian, 6 361 In dex Race, 176-82 Rainer, Yvonne, 214 Raphael, 106-7, 138-39, 298 Ray, Man, 158 Readymades, xi, 136, 158 Realism class references, 76 Courbet's work, 242, 248-50 Léger on, 269-70 and modernism, 148-49, 153-54 in representation of work, 242-43, 245, 248-50, 254 Reed, Christopher, 158 Reification, 264, 302 Religious imagery, 22-23. See also Iconography Renaissance, The (Pater), 140-41 Representation, 3-16 appropriation issues, 123-24 Aquinas on, 7, 8 Aristotle on, 4-6 Bacon on, 9 cultural, 123 Descartes on, 10-11 figuration, 323, 324 gender issues, 81-82, 220-33 Hegel on, 12 history of, 12, 15 idealist, 12-15 and ideology, 13-14 institution as system of, 283 Kant on, 12 modes of production, 249-50 natural language of, 22 as origin, 113 origin of word, 6-7 Plato on, 3-5, 7-8, 15 production and exchange, 239 queer formations, 220-21 science and mathematics, 8 and sight, 10-11 simulacrum, 31 symbolic, 8 vertical dimension, 7 of work, 241-44 Representationalism, 3, 16 Representations, xii Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 106-7 Rhetoric, 49-50 Rich, Adrienne, 313-15 Ricgl, Alois, 67, 298, 344 Ringgold, Faith, 156-58, 161-68 Ritual, 187-95 defined, 189 rationality and irrationality in, 190 Robert, Carl, 67 Roberts, Tom, 246-48, 254 Roland-Holst, Richard, 84 Romanticism originality concepts, 104, 107 Rome, as museum, 70—71 Rorty, Richard, xiii Rosenberg, Harold, 159 Ross, Andrew, 165 Rothko, Mark, 154 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 178 Rubens, Peter Paul, 94 Sacks, Oliver, 48 Said, Edward, 176 Sandrart, Joachim von, 95, 97 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 214, 218 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 17, 18, 54, 300, 302, 345 Schmarsow, August, 67 School of Athens (Raphael), 138 Schwitters, Kurt, 165 Science, as site of simulacra, 43 Scientific management, 252 Scientific representation, 8 Scopophilia, 211—12 Seaweed Gatherers (Gauguin), 172 Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 172 Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (Gentileschi), 132 Semiotic theory, 17-30, 53—54, 302-4 see also Sign Sensation, Plato on, 4 Seurat, Georges, 183, 269 Sexual fetishism, 201, 204-6, 211-12, 304-5 Sexuality and creativity, 174 gaze, 211-12, 216 gender and race, 176—77 and subgender, 229 Sharecropper's Wife (Evans), 209, 210, 216 Shearing the Rams (Roberts), 246—48 Sherman, Cindy, 131 Shiff, Richard, 158 Shklovsky, Victor, 159 Sign, 17-29 in abstract art, 23—24 antimaterialism and ideology, 29 Aristotle on, 5 Barthes on, 118 Baudrillard on, 303, 304 362 Index compelled by its object, 26, 29 cultural representation, 123 defined, 18 endless semiosis, 19-20 iconographie allegory, 22-23 linguistic models, 21-223 Peirce on, 17, 18-19, 26 in photographs, 27-28 and representation, 5, 8 Saussure's structuralist model, 19 and simulacrum, 38 in Smith's Wagon /, 24-27, 28 stabilization of, 312 and value, 302-4 word-image relations, 53—54 Simmel, Georg, 143 Simone, Willa Marie, 163, 165-66 Simulacra, 31—43 Baudrillard on, 35, 37, 38-39 Foucault on, 33-34 history of, 39—41 in impressionism, 40-41 Jameson on, 39 and modernism, 33-34 origin of word, 31 photography, 34-35, 41 Plato on, 31-32 popular media, 38-39 and science, 43 in science fiction, 42 Sistine Madonna (Raphael), 298 Slijpen, Saloman, 83 Smith, David, 24-27, 28 Smith, Ray, 203 Social class. See Class Socialist commodity, 270 Socialist realism, 243 Social reform, avant-garde functions, 159 "Society of the Spectacle" (Debord), 39 Sombart, Werner, 304 Sound images, 52 Spear, Richard, xii Spectatorship, 208, 210 Spirit of the Dead Watching (Gauguin), 171 Stallybrass, Peter, 182 Steiner, Wendy, 48 Stella, Frank, 24 Stevens, Wallace, ix-xi, xiv-xv Stokes, Adrian, 139—40 Stonebreakers, The (Courbet), 241—45, 246n, 248-49 Structuralist art history, 133-37 Studio, The (Courbet), 248 Subgenders, 229 Suleiman, Susan, 158 Sunday Afternoon on the Grande Jatte (Seurat), 269 Sunflowers (Van Gogh), 276 Supergenders, 229 Surrealism, 158—60 simulacra, 33, 41 Symbolic capital, 123 Symbolic representation, 8 Tableau vivant, 310, 317 Tactile senses, 208 Tagg, John, 277 Taller Torres-Garcia, 162 Taste, 122-23 history of, 296 and value, 292, 294 Tatlin, Vladimir, 250 Taussig, Michael, 203 Tax laws, 299-300 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 251-52 Tektonika, 250 Theater, 7, 214 museology, 283 Theaetetus (Plato), 4 Theory of the Avant-Garde (Bürger), 158 Theory of the Avant-Garde, The (Poggioli), 158 Theosophy, 82 Thomas, Nicholas, 300 Thompson, E. P., 124, 172 Thoré, Théophile, 105 Timaeus (Plato), 103 Tintoretto, 99 Titian, 89-91, 93, 94, 100 Tobias and the Angel (Elsheimer), 100 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 129, 131—32 To Fix the Image in Memory (Celmins), 111-14 Tom Jones (Fielding), 213 Totemism, 200 Toubin, Charles, 129 Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 183 Toussaint, Hélène, 246n Travel literature, 175 Tristes Tropiques (Lévi-Strauss), 175 Troy, Nancy, xiii Universal Exhibition (Manet), 269 Untitled Film Stills (Sherman), 131 Urban folk art, 183 Use value, 39, 263, 301 363 Index Value, 292-306 aesthetics, 292-98 anthropological perspectives, 300, 303-4 art/culture as commodity, 263, 275-76 Benjamin on, 298 Bildung, 296—97 and class, 294, 302 and context, 71 and criticism, 292, 293 in culture of simulacrum, 39 current critical theories, 300 economic, 298-300 fetishism, 304-5 gift exchange systems, 303 history of, 296-98 and institutions, 299 Kant on, 295 Marx on, 263, 300, 301-2, 305 Mauss on, 303-4 and mode of production, 301 and modem art, 294-95 and sign, 302-4 Van Doesburg, Theo, 78 Van Eyck, Jan, 7 Van Gcnnep, Arnold, 192 Van Gogh, Vincent, 276 Vasari, Giorgio, 8, 137 Veblen, Thorstein, 299, 304 Venturi, Robert, 158 Virtual reality, 284 Vision Descartes on, 10-11 Panofsk/s model of meaning, 88 and tactile senses, 208 as visual language, 47-48 Wölfflin's categories, 73 see also Gxz& Vision after the Sermon (Gauguin), 175 Visual image. See Image ‘'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (Mulvey), 211 Vitz, Evelyn Birge, 66 Vlaminck, Maurice, 165 Vogel, Susan, 202 Voltaire, 292-93 Wagon I (Smith), 24-27, 28 Wallace, Michele, 165 Warhol, Andy, 134, 17, 203 Water Lilies (Monet), 78 Weltanschauung, 13 Weston, Edward, 38, 109 White, Allon, 182 Wickhoff, Franz, 67 Wilenski, R. H., 147 Will, driving human action, 10 Williams, Gwyn, 246 Williams, Linda, 206 Williams, Raymond, 24 Wilson, Thomas, 227—28 Winogrand, Gary, 35, 41 Wölfflin, Heinrich, 73-74, 138—39, 244 Wollen, Peter, 166-67 Wollheim, Richard, 136-40, 151 Woman with White Stocking (Courbet), 244 Word and image, ix, 47-56 ancient theories, 49-50 competition between visual and verbal art, 54-55 contemporary culture, 50 conventions, 52 distinctions, 51—54 implications for art history, 55—56 Lessing on, 49, 53, 55 and memory, 50 photomontage, 121 Platonic philosophy, 32, 52 Saussure on, 54 semiotic model, 53-54 sign and representation, 21-23 social and cultural issues, 55 "Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, The" (Benjamin), 34-35, 298 Young Spartans (Degas), 222-27, 229-32 Zimmerli, Werner, 60 364 |
