| Volltext: | Index Titles of works of art and literature are in Italics. Lists of monuments to saints are under: shrine of Saint; tomb of Saint. Sources for individual saints' lives are listed under vita of Saint. Aachen, 80-84 abbey, see monastery Abbot (not sainted) Ambrogio Traversari, of Camaldo, 227 Ansquitil, of Moissac, 131, 142, 145 n. 10, 147 n. 32 Aymeric de Peyrac, of Moissac, 131 Basilius, of Hosios Loukas, 177, n. 14 Bertrand de Montaigut, of Moissac, 134 Durand, of Moissac, 131, 133, 142, 145 n. 9, n. 10, 149 n. 52-54 , n. 58 Fortunius, of Silos, 121 Frotard, of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, 151 Gilbert, of Westminster, 46 Henry of Marcy, of Clairvaux, 162 n. 26 Hunaud, of Moissac, 131, 142, 145 n. 10, n. 13, 149 n. 52, n. 54 Odilo, of Cluny, 131 Philopheus, of Hosios Loukas, 172, 177 n. 14 Pierre de Carmaing, of Moissac, 137, 138, 148 n. 38, n. 39 Pons de Melgueil, of Cluny, 151 Raymond, of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, 157 Rui Pérez, of Santillana, 207 of San Lorenzo in Cremona, 219 Tenorio, Claudio, Abbot Fray, 96 see also saint, type of, abbot abbot, 50, 99, 100, 102-04 blessing, 173 burial, 96, 97, 121, 128 n. 84 commemoration of, 121, 172 crosier, 99, 100 and heresy, 153, 162 n. 26 image of, 23, 172 Acacius, martyr, saint, 170 Adelemo, saint, 193 Adrian, martyr, saint, 170 Africa, 4, 6, 9, 12 cult of martyrs, 4, 5, 8 Agatha, healer, saint, 175 Agathangelus, martyr, saint, 170 Agen, church of Saint Maurin, 143 Aguilar de Campóo, 191 Ailred of Rievaulx, 48, 54 n. 18, 55 n. 44 Akyndynos, martyr, saint, 175 Alba, Duchess of, 96 Albelda, monastery of San Martin Codex Albe/dense, 103 Albigensians, 158 Alexander III, Pope, 97 Alfonso VI, King of Castilla, 121, 123 n. 5, n. 6, 128 n. 82 Alfonso, Bishop of Astorga, saint, 93 Alfonso III, King of Leon, 100 Allier, church of Saint-Menoux, 203, 204 Almanzor, 94, 97 almsgiving, 44, 135 altar, 39, 53 n. 2, 54 n. 24, 79, 88 n. 22, 95, 122, 144 n. 4, 151, 159, 163 n. 35 alteration of, 74 n. 39, 201, 203 altar-like tomb, 51, 56 n. 58 altar-tomb, 55 n. 39, 95, 96, 98, 203, 217 n. 64, 231 n. 19 consecration, 74 n. 39, 137, 138, 148 n. 40 decoration, 64, 65, 67, 68, 73 n. 31, 75 n. 52, 95, 96, 151, 195-97, 220-24, 227, 231 n. 20 dedication, 162 n. 21, 195, 211, 212 image of, 129-31, 135-37 miracle at, 24 portable, 54 n. 35, 100 and priest, 27, 73 n. 29, 148 n. 47 relic depository, xxiii, 57, 97, 152, 186, 191, 195, 209, 211, 212, 214 n. 10 and reliquary, 27, 97, 130 and shrine, 39, 54 n. 24, 64, 65, 220-22, 227 temporary, 71 n. 14 tomb near or in, 30, 35-36 n. 25, 36 n. 31, 50, 98, d 24, g 7, 13, 217 n. 67, 222 altarpiece, xix, xxi, 22, 30, 187, 193, 221, 222, 227 of Margaret, Montefiascone Cathedral, see Vanni Altar-piece of Miniato, San Miniato al Monte, 187, 190 n. 60 in San Vicente de Âvila, 73 n. 31, 74 n. 39, 75 n. 58 of Virgin Mary and Juliana, Santillana del Mar, 195-197 Alvito, Bishop of Leon, saint, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 106 n. 18 image of, 102 Ammianus Marcellinus, 6, 12, 15 n. 20 Amunia of San Millân de la Cogolla, visionary, saint, 27, 35 n. 21 Anastasia, healer, saint, 175 Andalucia, supplicant from, 29 Andrew, apostle, martyr, saint, 135 Andrew II, King of Hungary, 88 n. 22 Andrew III, King of Hungary, 80 Anempodistos, martyr, saint, 175 INDEX 235 angel, 37 n. 37, 41, 75 n. 59, 83, 211, 217 n. 61, n. 67 with Christ, 44, 68 companion of deceased, 9, 31, 144 n. 2 companion of saint, 135, 139, 141, 198 with effigy, 29 messenger, 64, 143, 218 n. 69 musicians or singers, 224 animals combat, 117, 118 as idol, 159 as ornament, xxiii, 116-22, 207 sacrificial, 153, 163 n. 35 type of bears, 153 birds, 112, 114, 117-22 calf, 159 dog, 184, 190 n. 50 dragon, 112, 121, 127 n.75, 179-81, 186, 189 n. 26 eagle, 112, 114, 119, 120 hawk, 120, 121, 127 n. 64 lion, 111, 112, 117, 119-22, 123 n.7, 153 owl, 119 scorpion, 186 serpent, 58 sheep, 184 siren (harpy), xxiii, 119, 120, 122, 126 n. 57, 127 n. 70 Ansbert, Abbot of Moissac, saint, 142, 147 n. 32 Ansurio, Bishop of Orense, saint, 93, 105 n. 6, 107 n. 44 Antioch, 179, 180, 188 n. 3 Aosta, church of Saint Orso, 161 n. 2 Aphthonios, martyr, saint, 175 Apocalypse, 11 see also Bible, New Testament, Apocalypse apostles, see saints, type of apostle series (Apostolado), 197, 199-200, 201, 203, 206, 207, 215 n. 36, n. 39, 216 n. 44, 217 n. 61, n. 64 Arabia, cult of saints in, 170 Arca di San Donato (Giovanni di Francesco da Arezzo and Betto di Francesco da Firenze), 220-26 civic character, 222, 223, 225, 226 design, 220, 222 iconography, 222-24 see also Donatus, Bishop of Arezzo, martyr, saint, Arca di San Domenico, 219, 220, 227 Area de San Millân de la Cogolla, 21-27, 33 n. 3, 34 n. 9, n. 15, 35 n. 17, n. 21, 100 Arcâdigo, Bishop of Orense, 105 n. 1 Arce, Roy Pérez de, 207 Archbishop (not sainted) Bernard de Sédirac, Archbishop of Toledo, 133 Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, 99 see also saint, type of, archbishop arcosolium, 39, 57, 75 n. 56, 95 Arezzo, 226 Cathedral of, 220, 221, 230 n. 11 altar, 220-22 tomb of Bishop Guido Tarlati, 221, 223, 226 tomb of Pope Gregory X, 221, 225 civic pride, 225, 226 Guelphs and Ghibellines, 226 patron saints, 220, 224-26 vandalism, 226 see also Arca di San Donato Arlanza, monastery of San Pedro, 121 Aries, 3, 5 monastery of Saint-Trophime, 161 n. 2, 162 n. 24, 203 Acqueta de Genadio, 100 Asia Minor, cult of saints in, 170, 191 Astorga, 93, 94, 96, 98, 100, 103, 105 n. 1 church of Santa Marta, 98, 100 Museo de la Catedral, 100 Museo de los Caminos, 98 Atilano, Bishop of Zamora, saint, 93, 94, 98, 100, 103, 108 n. 53 audience, xix-xxiv, 9, 13, 14, 21, 32, 130, 179 181, 183 aristocratie, noble, or well-to-do, 9, 181 as beholder, viewer, or visitor, xxiii, 28, 29, 31-32, 111, 135, 141, 145 n. 7, 147 n. 33, 155, 157, 162 n. 2l' 183 empathetic, 7, 8, 135 female, xxiii, 1 2, 1 7, 11-13, 16, 180, 181, 184-87 monastic, 34 n. 8, 50, 135-37, 155, 183 and ornament, see decoration as pilgrim, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 122 as public, 179 as reader, 6, 113-17, 141, 162 n.21, 181 and saints life, 6, 9, 11-14, 21, 158, 184 in manuscript, 7, 34 n. 8 self-identification on the part of, 160, 186 as slave, 182 as sub-elite, 9 see also devotion, popular Augustine, Bishop of Flippo, doctor, saint, xxi, 5-7, 9, 10, 14 on altars, 162 n. 21 on animals, 126, n. 55 De opera monachorum, 103 on grace, 7-9, 14 and Gregory of Tours, 12 on Magi, 64 Mainz collection of sermons, 3, 4 On Obedience, 5 on martyrs festival, 3-6 imitation of, 3, 5, 8, 9 praise of women martyrs, 8 preaching, 3, 4 reform of cult, 3, 4, 6 tomb of Saint Stephen, 50 On Christian Doctrine, 111 on Saint Cyprian, 16 n. 36 Augustine, saint, tomb in Pavia, 219, 223, 228, 230 n. 6 Autun, tomb of Saint Lazarus, xix, 70 n. 6, 207 Âvila, 60 Bishop of, 66, 67, 73 n. 35, 74 n. 39, n. 41 Cathedral of, 66, 71 n. 14 church of San Pedro, 72 n. 28 church of San Vicente, 57-59, 64, 65, 121 crypt, 57, 59, 69 façade, 58-62, 64 foundation of, 58, 59 Late Antique martyrium, 57, 58, 62, 69 metaphor for city, 60, 61, 64 miracle of blood, 66 symbolic meaning of, 58-60 transept, south, 57, 65-69, 75 n. 56 citizenry, 60, 67; see Jews, of Avila procession, 60, 64, 73 n. 35 Puerta de San Vicente, 59, 60 saints of, see Sabina and Cristeta, Segundo of Avila, Teresa of Avila, Vicente de Avila see also Vicente de Avila, shrine of Babylon, 119 baldachin of shrine of San Vicente de Âvila, 66, 68, 74 n. 39, n. 40, n. 41, 75 n. 59 of tomb of Santo Domingo de la Calzada, 32 236 INDEX of tomb of Santa Juliana in Santillana del Mar, 201, 202, 207 Balduccio, Giovanni di, 219 banquet, see devotion, feast; senses, eat baptism, 152, 155, 159, 163 n. 37, 180, 186 Barbara, healer, saint, 171, 174, 175 Basiliscus, martyr, saint, 170 Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, martyr, saint, 39, 41, 42, 48-50, 55 n. 42, n. 43, n. 45 appearance in dream, 41, 51 'Becket's Blood', 40, 49, 51, 53 n. 6 Christ-like, 51 miracles of, 40, 49, 51 Miracula sancii Thomae Cantuariensis, 40 murder of, 43 shrine of, 41, 42 tomb of, xxii, 39, 40, 42, 49-51, 55 n. 39 translation of relics, 40 Bede the Venerable, monk, saint, xxiv, 50 Béla III, King of Hungary, 80, 87 belt (cincture/girdle), 52, 98, 180 and pregnancy, 180, 181 Benedict, of Nursia, patriarch of western monks, Abbot of Montecassino, saint, 138 Rule of, 133, 134 Berceo, Gonzalo de, 21, 24, 27, 29, 33 n. 5, 35 n. 18, n. 19 Betto di Francesco da Firenze, 222 Bible New Testament Acts of the Apostles, 129, 139, 147 n. 35 Apocalypse, 120 Beatus's commentary, 120 Elders of, 111, 112, 114, 122 Old Testament, 85, 162 n. 15 Daniel, 120 Exodus, 159 Job, 120 Psalms, 133, 159 Visigothic, of the Cathedral of Leon, 94 Vulgate, 119 word, 118 Bishop (not sainted) Alexandre Farnese, 152 Alonso de Cartagena, of Burgos, xxiii, xxiv, 191, 193, 195, 200-03, 206-09, 214 n. 17, n. 18, 216 n. 57 Arnulf, of Lisieux, 47 Aurelius, of Carthage, 4, 15 n. 10 Dulcidio, of Salamanca, 94 Durand, of Toulouse, 131, 133, 142, 149 n. 58 Gil, of Osma, 28, 35 n. 25 Gilbert Foliot, of London, 50 Guido Tarlati, of Arezzo, 223 Gundulf (Gunnolf), of Rochester, 45, 46, 54 n. 29 Leontius, of Hippo, 4, 15 n. 9 Martin de Vilches, of Âvila, 66, 74 n. 41 Nicetius, of Lyons, 12 Pablo de Santa Maria, of Burgos, 193 Salomon, 97 Suero, of Zamora, 103 see also saint, type of, bishop bishop, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15 n.20, 50, 56 n.63, 93-104, 152, 179, 188 n. 15 abbot-, 94, 96, 99, 100, 102-04, 131, 162 n. 26 burial, 94-98, 102, 103 crosier, 99, 100, 102, 158 episcopal throne, 93 image of, 44, 46, 102,158, 200 restoration of episcopal see, 103 ring, 99, 100, 102, 108 n. 53 sacral episcopacy, 93, 104 see also saint, type of, abbot-bishop; saint, type of, bish-op blind, 186 as blindfolded, 40 cure of, 24, 26, 27, 29, 43, 44, 49, 52, 56 n. 58, 96 blood, 6, 8, 52, 56 n. 58, 66, 183, 184 see also Becket, Thomas, 'Becket's Blood'; nostrum Boccaccio, Giovanni, 226 Bologna, 219, 228 book, 27, 36 n. 28, 48, 86, 87 n. 8, 148 n. 40, 161 n. 6 and Christ, 197, 198, 206 and cleric, 27, 31, 40, 45 as collection of texts, 131, 132, 158 and saint, 158, 159, 200 tied to saint's tomb, 36 n. 28 see also manuscript, liturgical; Moissac Book of the City of Ladies (Christine de Pizan), 179 Braga, 94, 95, 105 n. 1, 133 Council of, 59, 95 Braulio, Bishop of Saragossa, saint, 24, 35 n. 17, n. 18 Breviary of Pierre de Carmaing (New York, Morgan Library, M 463), 137, 138, 148 n. 38, n. 39 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 227 Burgo de Osma, El, 28, Cathedral of, 28, 29 see also Pedro de Osmaar Burgos, 195, 200, 201, 203, 208, 209, 212, 214 n. 24 Cathedral of, 193, 213, n. 7 cult of saints in, 191, 193, 198, 203, 213, n. 8 diocese of, 191 Burgundy, 137 burial ad sanctos, 9, 12, 121 in cathedral, 42, 97, 98, 224-26 chamber, 9 in cloister, xxiii, 121, 122 gallery, 34 n.7, 97, 111, 113, 114 garth, 115, 121 in church, 12, 39, 59, 95, 97, 111, 203, 204, 227 apse, 98 apse, western, 96-98 area (exterior), 95, 97 atrium, 94 crypt, xiii, xxiv, 39, 59, 69, 172, 173 narthex, 172 near altar, 95-97 north aisle, 98 transept, 75 n. 56, 98 image of, 23, 42-44, 47-49, 52, 111 in living rock, 111 in monastery, 93, 97, 121 pantheon, episcopal, 93, 97, 107 n. 50 place (site), xx, xxiv, 21, 49, 51, 52, 102, 106 n. 19, decoration (embellishment) of, xx-xxti, 52, 96, 172, 173, 219, 227 prayer at, xxi, 42-45, 47, 50, 52, 173 prohibition, 195, 212 see also Braga, Council of vessel (container), 48 see also sarcophagus; tomb of individual, not sainted; tomb of saint; translation Bithynia (Nicomedia), 191, 198 Byzantine Empire, 171 cult of saints in, 170, 177 n. 7 Caaveiro, monastery of, 94, 109 n. 73 Caesarius, Bishop of Aries, saint, 5, 10, 15 n. 5 Calzada, see Santo Domingo de la Calzada candles, xxi, 5, 40, 45, 51, 56, n, 58, 86, 181 Canigou, monastery of Saint-Martin, 121 INDEX 237 canon, 29, 100, 102 canon law, 188 n. 1 canonization, xx, 99, 103, 223 of Alvito and Ordono, 94 of Anselm of Canterbury, 55 n. 42 Byzantine, 171 of Domingo of Silos, 111, 121 of Edward the Confessor, 39, 49, 51, 55 n. 42 during fourteenth century, 226, 227 of Hungarian saints, 79 of Ladislas, 80 of Loukas Stiris, 171 of Osmund of Old Sarum, 55 n. 39 of Rosendo, 95 during sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 93 of Thomas Becket, 39, 49 Cantabria, 193, 205, 206, 216 n. 43, n. 46, n. 55 saints' cults in, 191, 214 n. 10, n. 13 Canterbury, Cathedral of, Corona Chapel, 40, 42 pilgrimage to, 42, 50 Trinity Chapel, 39 stained glass, 39-42, 51 see also Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury; tomb of Saint, Thomas Becket Cantigas, of Alfonso X, 29, 36 n. 30, c 10 capital, xxiii, 57, 142, 205 as cenotaph, 111, 113-14 composition, xxii, 114-18, 135-37, 153-56 historiated, 72 n. 28, 114, 120, 121, 130, 134-35, 143- 44 interactivity, 114, 135-39, 141, 143-44, 155, 158 ornamental, 73 n. 33, 115, 117, 118-21 with relic cavity, 129, 130, 138, 139, 143, 144 representing saints, xxiii with inscription, 111, 113-18, 122, 139, 141 Moissac, 120, 129, 135-37, 139 Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, 120, 151-60 Santillana del Mar, 199, 200, 204, 206, 207, 217 n. 61 Capito, Bishop of Lugo, saint, 105 n. 1 Cappadocia, 172, 176 n. 4, n. 6 Carrion de los Condes, church of Santiago, 198, 200, 215, n. 29 Carthage, 7, 9 religious festivals, 3-5 Casilda, saint, 193 Castilla, cult of saints in, 29, 34 n. 12, 35 n. 25, 99 Catalogus Sanctorum (Petrus de Natalibus), 224, 231 n. 20 Catalonia, cult of saints in, 152 Cathari, 153, 158, 162 n. 26 cathedral, xx, xxii, 62, 66, 71 n. 14, 84, 97, 152, 193, 198, 199, 206 altarpiece, xxiii, 186, 187, 222 construction, 79, 80, 94, 220, 225, 227 coronation in, 80 destruction, 79, 85, 86, 226 patron saint, 35 n. 25, n.26, 79, 103, 104, 180, 181, 187, 222, 225 ritual, 71 n. 14, 133, 137, 220 shrine, 77, 96, 203, 204, 220, 224, 225 treasury/sacristy, xxii, 73 n. 29, 96, 203 see also burial, in cathedral Catherine of Alexandria, virgin, martyr, saint, 13 see also Katherine Catherine of Siena, mystic, saint, 226, 232 n. 37 Celanova, 37 n. 36, 94, 100 Church of Santa Maria burial of San Rosendo in, 22, 95, 96 healing at, 31, 98-99 Church of San Pedro (Peter), 95 cenotaph, xxi, xxii, 21, 216 n. 57 of San Millân de la Cogolla, 21-24, 27-31, 33, 96 of San Vicente de Avila, see shrine of Saint, Vicente of Santa Juliana in Santillana del Mar, see tomb of Saint, Juliana of Santo Domingo de Silos, 111, 112, 114, 117, 120, 121 Cerezo de Riotirón, 198, 204 Chad, Bishop of Mercia, saint, 50, 51 chain, 29, 36 n. 28, 139 chalice, 56 n. 58, 81, 86, 100, 109 n. 73 Charlemagne, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, saint, 81 reliquary bust of, 81-83 Charles Robert of Anjou, King of Hungary, 80 Charles the Bald, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, 180 Chartres, 162 n. 14, 189 n. 27 chess pieces, 100, 101 childbirth, 185, 188 n. 15 and cult of Saint Margaret, xxiii, 179-83, 186, 189 n. 27 surgical tools, 184, 185 choir, 141 Christ, see Jesus Christ Christina, martyr, saint, 13, 17 n. 75 Christine de Pizan, 179 Christmas, 4 Church council, 59, 95, 131, 133 Hispano-Visigothic, 102, 104 persons outside, xxi, 4, 58, 61-64, 66, 67, 69, 72 n. 21, 121, 139, 153-58, 162 n. 23, 163 n. 33, 182, 183, 184 persons within, 9 position on ascetics and mystics, 226 reform, 104 in Rome, 93, 94 church apse, 95-99 basilica, 57-64 burial in, see burial, in church Byzantine structure, 172 choir, 130, 133, 138, 143 crypt, xx, xxiii, xxiv, 39 Aquileia Cathedral, xx Canterbury Cathedral, 40, 42, 49, 50 Katholikon, Phokis, 167, 171-73, 177 n. 14 San Vicente de Ävila, 57, 59, 69 Santo Domingo de la Calzada, 32 dedication of, 95, 104, 130-32, 150 façade, 57, 58, 61, 67, 152, 200, 204 as house, 224 monastic, 21-23, 27, 95-97, 111, 171 presbytery, 95-98 offerings to, see offerings narthex, of Hosios Loukas, xxiii, 172-75 sacristy, 64-65, 74 n.39, 86, 96, 97, 129, 138, 141, 148 n. 40, 150 n. 65 and saints' monuments, 21 symbolic meaning of, 57, 58, 71 n. 18, 224 transept, 65, 66, 69, 111 Cimiez, 151-53, 157, 162 n. 16 circumambulation, see ritual, circumambulation Citeaux, 162 n.14 city, xxii, 226 competition between, 219, 222-23 and church, 59, 61, 63-64 and civic identity, 223, 225-26 and festivals, 5, 60 gate, 59-60, 62 and saint, 51, 60, 63, 191, 216 n. 57, 219, 220, 224-26 238 INDEX City of God (civitas Dei), 5, 64, 223 Clairvaux, 162 n.14 Claudius, Roman governor of Gaul, 153-58, 162 n. 23, 163 n. 33 clergy, 9, 12, 58, 71 n. 14, 102, 104 cloister, 102 burial in, xxiii, 95, 97, 111, 113, 121, 122 capitals, see capital decoration, xxii-xxiii, 102, 104, 111, 112, 114, 118-22, 129, 130, 134, 135, 151, 152, 159, 160 ritual (ceremonial), 130-34, 138, 139, 141-44 mandatum, 97, 142 Cloghane, saint, patron of the Dingle peninsula, 4 Cluny, monastery of, 128 n. 93, 131, 149 n. 53, n. 54, 151 burial in, 121, 128 n. 84 customs, 131, 133, 142 Codex Albcldense, 103 coffin, see sarcophagus cognition, 119, 134 as cognitio, 6 see also imagination; senses Coimbra, 93 coin, 40, 80 Cologne, Cathedral of, 80, 81 column in cloister, 113-15, 119, 121, 123 n. 8, 129, 134 commemorative, 113, 114, 117-19 as decoration, 58, 65, 66, 116, 139, 227 monument elevated on columns, 29-30, 35 n. 23, 57, 68, 76 n. 61, 95, 96, 205, 219, 227 and popular devotion, 4, 21, 27, 29, 30, 32, 37 n. 36, 96 relic depository, 130 of Saint Symeon Stylites, 4 comb, liturgical, 100, 101 commemoration, see memory composition, 40, 44, 51, 52, 143, 151, 172, 222 alignment, 135, 172 analogous form, 24, 29, 83, 153, 155, 184-86, 224 asymmetry, 124 n. 27, 125 n. 30 conventional, 23, 29, 153, 198, 200, 204, 222 effect, 115, 223 frontali ty, 155 iconic, 135, 183 juxtaposition, 29, 139 musical, 132 opposition, 72 n. 26, 135 symmetry, 114, 135 Compostela, see Santiago de Compostela Constantinople, 173 conversion, 157, 159, 162 n. 28, 171, 175 Cordoba, 94 coronation, 80, 81, 90 n. 42 Cosmas and Damian, martyrs, saints, 167, 170, 171 Cremona, monastery of San Lorenzo, 219 Crescentinus, deacon, 'false saint', 9 Crete, 171 Cristeta, see Sabina and Cristeta crosier, 46, 85, 98-102, 158 cross, 39, 44, 49, 51, 52, 86 jewelled cross, 8, 100 of martyrdom Christ, 8, 137 Peter, 135, 141 of Millân, 23 sign of, 11, 180 Triumph of the Cross, 142 crown, 39, 49, 51, 52, 80 of Charlemagne, 81 of church (corona), 40 of ruler, 48, 49, 77, 80, 90 n. 47, 156, 159 of sainthood, 83 Crusade, 137, 157 Cucufate, martyr, saint, 214 n.10 cult, xx, xxii, 27 changing needs of, xxiii, xxiv, 7, 9, 14, 93, 102-04, 226 227 of deceased (not sainted), 9 and images, xx, 23, 167, 172, 175, 179-87, 193, 219 of martyrs, 3-11 see also martyrdom; type of saint, martyr as memory (memoria), xix, xx objects associated with, 22, 44, 50, 77-79, 83, 96, 195 207 pagan, 4, 159, promotion of, xx-xxii, 21, 22, 49, 203, 207 of relics, xx, 7, 50, 77, 78, 98, 180 and political concerns, xxii, xxiv, 79, 80, 85 of saints, xix, xxiii, 5, 13, 14, 49, 51, 52, 69, 79- 81, 93, 103, 179, 191, 205 rivalry between cults, 49 structuring of, xxi, xxiv, 4, 7, 10-14, 226-27 see also devotion, popular; ritual; listings of individual saints Cumae, 191 Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, martyr, saint, 4, 8, 9, 16 n. 36 Cyrus, monk, martyr, saint, 170-71 Dacian, Roman governor, 61, 63, 64 Damasus, Pope, 9 Daniel, in the Lions'Den, 153 Daroca, tomb of San Gilberto, 201 Dativus, martyr, saint, 7 death, 120, 121, 179, 181 of Christ, sec Jesus Christ of martyr, see matryrdom of saint (not martyr) Domingo of Silos, 111, 113, 124 n. 27 Loukas Stiris, 171 Millân, 23, 24 Oria, 27 Pedro of Osma, 28, 31, 35 n. 25 Thérèse ofLisieux, 14 triumph over, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 62, 111 decoration (embellishment), xx, xxi, xxiv, 21, 31, 39, 42, 48, 74 n. 39, 134, 222 and audience (viewer), 21, 31, 32, 52, 120, 135, 137, 141, 147 n. 33, 155, 157, 158, 223 of capital, see capital context of, xix, xxiii, 62,118-20,122,135,144,170,172 of church, 37 n.44 , 62, 71 n. 18,146 n.21,167,171,172 of cloister, 111, 114, 122, 142, 147 n. 29, 160 of manuscript, 132, 140, 149 n. 62 medium gold, 39,41,67-69, 74 n. 39 inscription, 9, 35 n. 21, 55 n. 39, 62, 68, 69, 112- 20, 131, 139, 141, 142, 147 n. 35, 150 n. 66, 157, 227 jewelled, 8, 39, 41 metalwork, 39, 78, 85, 100, 151, 197, 203 mosaic, 8, 167, 222 paint, 5, 6, 23, 34 n. 16, 36 n. 25, 67, 167, 172 sculpture, 31, 39, 47, 146 n. 21, 201, 203, 205 statue, 41 n. 3 woodwork, 41, 67, 95, 98, 99, 108 n. 53 of reliquary, 100, 197, 203 of shrine or tomb, 193, 206, 217 n. 67, 227 type of, aniconic, 120 INDEX 239 architectural framework, 41, 65-68, 162 n. 15, 167, 203, 205, 219, 224, 227 baldachin, 66, 68, 201, 202, 205 emulation of Antiquity, 219, 227 foliate, 41, 121, 183, 205 generic, 41, 118 imagines clipeatae, 46, 47, 217 n. 67 narrative, 21, 23, 27-29, 31, 61-63, 139, 142, 151, 183, 219, 222, 223 operosa varietate, 73 n. 33 zoomorphic, 119-21 see also listings for individual artworks demon, 36 n. 32, 85 possession by, 28, 29, 37 n. 36, 98 devil, 180, 181, see also Satan devotion, popular, xix, xx, xxi, 7, 13, 21, 22, 93, 95, 102, 103, 191, 226, 227 dance, 3, 4, 7 drink, 30, 31 dust from tomb (nostrum), xxi, 31, 51, 56 n. 58 to excess, xxi, 3-4, 11, 16 n. 33 eat, xxi, 4, 98, 99 in Galicia, 35 n. 23, 99 kiss, 5, 42, 48-51 at saints tomb, xxi, 29, 42-45, 49-52, 96, 195, 202, 221 circumambulation, xxii, 27, 28, 32, 35 n. 24 enter, xxi, 42, 50 he over or under (incubation), 35 n. 23, 95 touch column, 29-30, 35 n. 23 and women, 27, 181, 186, 189 n. 20 see also festival; pilgrimage; procession; ritual; senses diocese, 93, 103, 104, 162 n. 26 of Burgos, 191, 193 of Iria Flavia-Compostela, 93, 94, 99, 103, 109 n. 86 of Leon, 93, 97, 98, 100, 102, 104 Diocletian and Maximian, Roman emperors, 180 Dionysius of Fourna, 170 Dominic (Domingo) de Guzman, founder of Dominican Order, saint, 219, 222 Dominican Order, 179, 182, 184 Domingo de Silos, Abbot of Silos, saint, xxii, xxiii, 118, 120 burial in cloister, 95, 111-14, 122 cenotaph capital, 111-22 cult, 111, 193, 203 epitaph, 113-16, 122 miracles, 29-31, 111 relics, 106 n. 29 tomb, 22, 30, 111 enamel altarpiece of, 22, 30, 203 virtues, 120, 121 Domingo de la Calzada, saint tomb, 27, 32, 215 n. 40 donation, see offering Donatus, Bishop of Arezzo, martyr, saint, xxiv, 220-24 as building block, 224 desecration of relics, 226 tomb of, 220-26 see also Arca di San Donato; Arezzo donor, 179, 186, 219 Duccio di Buoninsegna, 222 Durham, Cathedral of, xxiv Easter, 7, 16 n. 33 ecclesia primitiva, xxiv, 227 Edward the Confessor, King of England, saint, xxii, 39 in Bayeux Tapestry, 54 n. 18 burial of, 42-43, 44, 52 canonization and cult of, 49, 51, 52 miracles, 43, 45, 48, 52 ring of, 44, 52, 55 n. 38 tomb-shrine of, 39, 42-50 châsse, 44 opening of, 45, 46 pilgrims, 42, 44, 48, 52 translation, 48, 52 vita, 42, 47, 48 effigy (gisant), xx, 21, 227 of Bruno, priest, in Hildesheim, 35 n. 22 beneath canopy or baldachin, 32, 201, 202 of Domingo de la Calzada, 32 of Domingo de Silos, 111, 124 n. 26 of Edward the Confessor, 44 ofFroilân, 102 and grapes, 30-31 interaction between supplicant and, 22, 27, 32 of Juliana, 193-95 of Millân de la Cogolla, 22-27, 30, 32 of Pedro de Osma, 28-32 of Peter and Paul, 129 of Vicente, Sabina, and Cristeta, 67-68 Efrén, Bishop of Astorga, saint, 105 n. 1 Egypt, 13, 15 n. 21, 188 n. 12 El Burgo de Osma, see Burgo de Osma, El Eleanor of Provence, Queen, wife of Henry III of England, 42, 48 elevatio, 69 Elias of Dereham, 41 Elizabeth, Queen Mother of Hungary, 80-81, 83, 88 n. 22 Elpidiphoros, martyr, saint, 175 embellishment, see decoration Emeric, prince of Hungary, saint, 79, 81, 84, 88 n. 22 empathy and artwork, xxii, 21, 31, 59, 135, 155 for martyr, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 emperor Byzantine, 171, 173 Holy Roman, 81 Roman, 157 enamel, 39, 47, 151 altarpiece of Santo Domingo de Silos, 22, 30 châsse of Edward the Confessor, 44, 48 England, 39-52, j 5, 1 5 cult of saints in, 39, 49, 51-52,1 4 monuments of saints in, xx, xxii, 39-52 Epicureans, 3 Epigrammata, of Pope Damasus, 9 epitaph, xxiii, 69, 93, 98, 107 n. 44, 111, 113-18, 220 Ermengol, Bishop of Urgel, saint, 95, 106 n. 29 Ethelreda of Canterbury, 39, 40, 51 Ethiopia, 13, 180, 188 n. 12 Etymologies of Isidore of Seville, 117, 118 Eucharist, see liturgy, Mass, Eucharist Eufemia, saint, 96 Eugenia, healer, saint, 175 Eugenio of Toledo, saint, 98 Eulalia, virgin, martyr, saint, 6, 8, 10 Euphemia, healer, saint, 174, 175 evangelists as Tetramorph, 199, 200, 204, 215 n. 30, n. 39, 217 n. 61, n. 64, n. 67 see also John the Evangelist evil, 118, 119, 122 excommunication, 137, 158, 162 n. 26 executioner, see martyrdom ex-votos, 21, 29, 32, 186 Fabianus, Pope, 157 Fagildo, Abbot of San Pelayo (Paio) de Antealtares, saint, 96, 99 240 INDEX feast day, see festival Felices of Bilibium, saint, 100 Felicity, saint, 180, 188 n. 15 fenestella, 49-51, 54 n. 25, 55 n. 39, 195, 202, 217 n. 67 as aperture, 45, 51, 47 as fenestra, 50 as opening, 42, 44, 45, 49, 66, 99 feretory, 39, 203, 204 of Edward the Confessor, 47, 48, 54 n. 24 of English shrines, xx, 55 n. 39 of Juliana, xxiv, 204, 205, 207 of Thomas Becket (Elias of Dereham and Walter of Colchester), 40-42 see also shrine; shrine of Fernando I, King of Leon and Castilla, 94, 111, 121 Fernando III, King of Castilla, saint, 59 festivals, 3-7, 11, 13, 14, 60, 195, 200 and Augustine, xxi, 3, 4, b 5 Christmas, 4 Easter, 7, 142 Epiphany, 72 n. 28 as feast day, 132, 138, 141-43 in Âvila, 60, 65, 72 n. 24, 73 n. 35 double, 193 in Santillana del Mar, 191, 193, 209 Holy Week, 142, 172 Maundy Thursday, 173 Palm Sunday, 60 and Plutarch, 3 and Strabo, 3 as spectacle, 7 of translation, 48 Flaviano, saint, xxiii, 180 Flora, saint, 221 Florence, 188 n. 1, 226, 227, 230 n. 9, n. 10, n. 14 chapter house of Sta. Maria Novella, 190 n. 50 church of Orsanmichele, 222 n. 3, n. 4 church of Santa Anunziata, 190 n. 57 church of Santa Margherita a Montici, 183 church of San Miniato al Monte, 187 flower, 183 Fontroide, 205 Fortunius, Abbot of Silos, 121 founder of Christian kingship, 81 of church, 80, 89, 121 Jew, 58, 62, 64, 69 of monastery, 121, 145 n. 12, 151 fountain, 135, 137, 142, 150 n. 65 Foz, 94 San Martino, church of, 99 France, 145 n. 8, 180 cult of saints in, xx, 152, 180,1 3, 4 monastic reform in, 131, 142 trope repertory, 132, 141 vernacular saints' lives in, 13 friar, 179 Froarengo, Bishop of Coimbra, saint, 93 Froila, saint, sarcophagus at Lugo Cathedral, 22, 37 n. 43 Froilân, Bishop of Leon, saint, 93, 94, 98 burial, 97, 102 cult of, 34 n. 6, 102-04 Fructuoso, Bishop of Braga, saint, 94, 95 funerary art, xxv n. 16, 46, 47, 68, 69, 71 n. 18, 111, 120- 22 Galicia, 35 n. 23, 94, 99, 102 cult of saints in, 31, 93-104 monuments of saints in, xxiii, 22, 93, 96, 97 Gaul, 3, 10-12, 157 gaze, 21, 44, 115, 126 n. 51 at spectator, 31, 32, 155 see also senses, sight Gelért, Bishop of Hungary, saint, 79 Gelmirez, Bishop of Santiago de Compostela, 104 Genadio, Bishop of Astorga, hermit, saint, 94 100 burial, 94-98 cult of, 93 Genoa, 182 genuflection, 134 George, martyr, saint, 84 Géraud of Moissac, Archbishop of Braga, saint, 132, 133 Germany, cult of saints in, 180 Aachen, 80, 81, 83 Cologne, 80, 81 gesture, 12, 34 n. 16, 133, 134, 155, 183 of amazement, 135 of benediction, 44, 197 of speech, 40, 41, 157, 159 of thanks, 45 Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 227 gift, see offering Gil de Zamora, Franciscan, 98 Giovanni d'Aquila, 83 Giovanni di Francesco da Arezzo, 222 gisant, see effigy God, 60, 69, 86, 124 n. 17, 140, 198 act of, 58, 120, 134 City of, 64 Divine Word, 147 n. 35, 224 two natures, 63, 64 work of (opus Dei), 133 Golden Altar of Saint Ambrose, 151 Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine, 14, 179, 183 Gonzalez, Fernân, Count of Castilla, 121 Gonzalo, Bishop of Mondonedo, saint, 94, 98, 99, 102 Gonzalo de Berceo, see Berceo, Gonzalo de Gospel Book of Judith of Flanders, 47 grace, 3, 5, 7-9, 10, 12, 14, 134 grapes, 21, 30, 31 grave site, see burial, place Greece, xx, 13, 167, 171 Gregory, Bishop of Tours, saint, 11-14, 50 Gregory Nazianzen, Bishop of Sasina, theologian, doctor, saint, 4, 64 Gregory the Great, Pope and doctor, saint, 5, 180 Mass of Saint Gregory, 65 Gregory X, Pope, saint, 221, 225 grief, 27, 47, 54 n. 34, 102 Grimaldus, see Vita Sancti Dominici Guilhem, saint, tomb in Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert, xix Guillaume IV, Count of Toulouse, 151 Gutiérrez, Osorio, Count, Saint, 96, 99 Györ, Cathedral of, xxii, 87 n. 6 hagiography, xix, xx, 11-14, 31, 39, 49, 60,104,133,151,179 as archetype, 63, 64 Byzantine, 13, 16 n. 57 charter as, 85 collection of miracles, 32, 37 n. 44, 191, 226 late medieval, 11, 13, 226, 227 literary, xx, 14, 21, 146 n. 21, 162 n. 16, 171, 179, 180, 213 monumental, 68, 161, 217 n. 66, 222, 223 pictorial, xxiii, 21, 23, 34 n. 12, 49, 62, 63, 135, 139, 141, 173, 179, 183-86, 193, 198, 205 as precedent, 29, 102, 152, 153 as role model, 13, 14 text and tomb, 36 n. 28, 111, 113, 114 INDEX 241 Tibetan, 12, 13 typological, 153, 172, 175 Christomimetic, 51, 52, 64,153, 155, 157, 163 n.33, 179, 183, 184 Mariamimetic, 180, 183 Western Europe, 13 see also narrative; vita Harold I, King of England, 42 healing and ex-voto, 29, 36 n. 30, 186 fountain, 135, 142, 150 n. 65 potion, xxi, 56 n. 58 with matter from saint's grave (nostrum), 31, 40, 98, 99, 111 power of saint, xxii, xxiii, 7, 51, 52, 120, 170-72 at tomb, xx, 21, 51, 55 n. 39 Edward the Confessor, 45, 51, 52 Fagildo, of San Pelayo de Antealtares, 99 Loukas Stiris, 171, 175 Osorio Gutierrez, 99 Pedro de Osma, 30 Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, 99 Rosendo, of Celanova, 29, 37 n. 36, 98 San Millân de la Cogolla, 21 Stephen, 50 Thomas Becket, 39, 40, 49, 50 by touch, 50, 52, 99 see also saint, type of, thaumaturgie heaven, xxi, 120, 125 n. 33, 133, 137, 159, 198, 203 deceased in, 9 Heavenly Jerusalem, 5, 223, 224 saints in, 5, 64, 116, 143, 195, 227 Helena, healer, saint, 175 Henry II, King of England, 48, 50, 55 n. 42, n. 43, 56 n. 69 Henry III, King of England, husband of Eleanor of Provence, 42, 49, 52 Henry VIII, King of England, 40 heresy, 157, 158, 162 n. 26, 163 n. 37, n. 40 and Saint Margaret, 179, 186 and Saint Pontius, xxiii, 153, 158-59 Hermenia, by Dionysos of Fourna, 170 Hermogio, Bishop of Tiiy, saint, 94, 95, 102 Hermolaios, physician, saint, 169 Herod, 64, 139, 144 n. 2, 162 n. 24 Hilarius of Poitiers, Bishop, theologian, saint, 158 holiday, see festival Holy Spirit, 130 Hosios Loukas, monastery of, see Phokis Hrabanus Maurus, 62, 125 n. 33, 180 Huerta, monastery of Santa Maria, 99 Hungary cult of saints in, 77, 79-81, 83, 85 fourteenth-century sculpture in, 79, 83, 84 invasion of, 80 Ottoman, 83 Tatar, 77, 80, 84, 85 Kingdom of, 77, 80, 81, 84 Arpâd dynasty, 79, 80, 84 Angevin rulers, 80, 81, 84, 85 relics and kingship, 79-81 see also Ladisias I, King of Hungary, saint Iberian Peninsula, 93, 96, 102, 104, 109 n. 71 Iconoclastic Period, 180 idol, see pagan, idol Ignatius of Loyola, saint, 14 Ildefonso (Ildefonsus) of Toledo, Archbishop, saint, 96, 98, 100, 103 image adoration of, 5, and audience, xix, 21, 22, 31, 32, 49, 118-20, 147 n. 33, 160, 173, 179-87, 223 as authentication, 77-79, 80, 88 n. 22, n. 23, n. 24, 90 n. 47 on coins, 80 as concept, 5, 13, 57, 60, 62, 64, 80, 117 of martyr, 6, 8, 14 of sanctity, 13, 26 of sainthood, xx, 13, 14, 51, 153, 186, 193, 195, 198 and context, 60, 61, 63, 119-21, 135, 152-59, 167-75, 184-85, 205, 212, 222, 231 n. 23 and cult, xxiii, 23, 77-79, 81, 83, 84, 97, 102, 151, 170- 72, 205, 232 n. 41 imagines clipeatae, 46, 47, 217 n. 67 imagines pietatis, n 4 at loca sancta, xix, xx, 22 as message, 118-20, 186 picture within a picture, 58, 59 and ritual at tomb, 27-31, 49-52, 107 n. 35, 173, 183, 212, 221 on saints' tombs, xxii, 22-32, 57-65, 68, 69, m 2, 4, n in saint's vita. 34 n. 10, 37 n. 36, 42-49, 51, 52, 96 of shrine, xxii, 39, 41, 42, 48, 52, 100 tableau vivant, 22, 27 as talisman, 122 and text, xxv, 15 n. 18, 16 n. 31, 24, 33 n. 5, 85, 90 n. 48, 114, 118, 119, 124 n. 21, 125 n.33, 163 n.33 of tomb, 32, 37 n. 36, 39, 42-48, 96, m 12 see also listing for individual object or saint imagination, 5, 130, 143, 144 of artist, 134 as imaginative structure, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14 of monk, 141 see also cognition; senses indulgence, 35 n. 24, n. 25, 201, 207, 209 Inigo, saint, 193 inscription as epigram, 9 as epistolium, 117, 118 as titulus, 69, 115, 147 n. 35 inscription at Arezzo Cathedral, 231 n. 20 church at Azra'a, Syria, 15 n. 14 Florence Cathedral , 227 Haïdra (Ammaedera, Africa), 6 Leon Cathedral, 97, 98 Saint Anastasia, Rome, 12 Saint-Pierre-de-Moissac, 141, 147 n. 35, 150 n. 66 Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, 156, 157 San Esteban de Ribas de Sil, 97 San Pedro de Zamora, 98 San Vicente de Âvila, 68, 69, 74 n. 39 Santa Maria de Yermo, 206 Santa Marta de Astorga, 98 Santillana del Mar, 200 Santo Domingo de Silos, 111-18 Thabarka, 9 Vaison-la-Romaine Cathedral, 62 Irene, healer, saint, 175 Iria Flavia, 93, 94, 99 Isidore of Seville, Archbishop, doctor of Church, saint, 94, 98, 102, 103 Etymologies, 117-18 Italy cult of saints in, 10, 180, 221 monuments of saints in, xx, xxiv, 179-88, 219-29 ivory, 100 reliquary of San Millân, see Area de San Millân de la Cogolla 242 INDEX Jacinto, Cardinal, 95 Jacobus de Voragine, see Golden Legend James Major, saint, see Santiago Jehan Bouche d'Or, see John Chrysostom Jerome, doctor of the church, saint, 119 Jerusalem, 52 church and city transformed into, 60 church of the Holy Sepulchre, 44, 51, 56 n. 69, 137 Heavenly, 5, 14, 223, 224 Jesus Christ and apostles, 64, 130, 135, 152, 160, 175, 200, 203, 206 and faithful, 11, 114, 186 followers of, 8, 12, 133, 216 n. 57 Holv Sepulchre, 51, 53, 207 imitation of. 4. 8, 9. 51, 52. 64. 153. 155. 157. 163 n. 33. 179. 183. 184 and lew of Avila. 58 :':ns'58 relics or. 52 lesus Christ, scenes troni life Appearances. 111. It 2 n. 15. 1~2. 1~3. 175 Arrest. 186 Ascension. 203 Crucifixion. 47. 52. 155. 163 n.33, 172, 173, 175, 184, 185 Descent into Hell. 173. 175 Deposition. 111. 172 Entombment, 47, 52, 111, 172 Entry into Jerusalem, 172 Epiphany, 57, 61, 62, 64, 198, 204, 205 Infancy of Christ, 64, 114 Last Judgement, 11, 127 n. 64, 224 Last Supper, 172 Passion, 8, 114, 157, 172, 184 before Pilate, 155 Resurrection, 51, 52, 111, 155, 172, 175 before the Sanhédrin, 184 Washing of the Feet, 172, 173, 175 Jesus Christ, symbolism and types Alpha and Omega, 62 blessing, 23 Child, 68 Cross, 8, 11, 137 Deësis, 172 dual nature, 51, 62, 64 Eucharist, 52, 56 n. 58, 64 Good Shepherd, 184 healer, 52 humility, 175 king, 51, 64 name, 118, 153 lion, 119 Theophany, 57, 61-63, 75 n. 59 Christ in Majesty (majestas Domini), 44, 58, 197-200, 203, 206 Virgin and Child (Maiestas Mariae), 172, 198, 200, 205, 206 triumph over death, 3, 7, 11, 111, 173, 175 Jew, founder of San Vicente, Avila, 58, 62-64, 69, 121 Jews, 4, 139 of Avila, xxi, 66-67, 69, 72 n. 21 Joan of Arc, virgin, martyr, saint, 179 John, soldier, saint, 167, 170 John Chrysostom, doctor, saint, 13 John Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, 173 John of Salisbury, 51 John the Baptist, martyr, saint, 95 John the Evangelist, 43, 44, 52, 55 n. 38, 197, 200, 215 n. 36 Joseph, husband of the Virgin Mary, saint, 64, 204, 205 Juan de Ortega, saint, 193, sarcophagus of, 22 Juliana, of Bithynia, virgin, martyr, saint, 175, 191 altar, 195-97, 203 cult, 191, 195, 202, 203, 205, 207 image, 193, 194, 197, 198, 205 martyrdom, 198 relics, 191, 201 and Satan, 198, 200 tomb of, xxiii, xxiv, 193, 195, 200-07 see also Santillana del Mar, church, reliefs Juliana and Semproniana, saints, of Sant Cugat del Vallès, 214 n. 10 Jupiter, 61, 64 Katherina. healer, martyr, saint. 174. 175 sec aho Catherine king. 103 see a. se Edarc Confessor. 1 .idi-ii- I. ir c •c.r.c tor individuai kings kmgship. 77. 79-81 see also Hungary; saint, tvpe of, king knight, 36 n. 27, 60, 66, 77,' 84, 157, 162 n. 28 Kolosvdri, Mârton and György, 84 Krinites, strategos of Thebes, 171 Ladisias I, King of Hungary, saint, xxii athleta patriae, 77, 80, 85 cult of, 77, 79-80, 81, 83, 85 image of, 88 n. 24 coin, 80 fresco, 83, 88 n. 22 statues, 84 as knight, 77 and nation, 79, 80, 85 relics, 77, 79, 81, 85 reliquary of, 77, 79, 81, 83, 84 destruction in fire, 79, 84-86 oath-swearing on, 84, 85 Ladislas of Anjou, King of Naples, 84 laity, 9, 12 represented on monument, 32, 57 Lake Bolsena, 180 Languedoc, 151 Lapidaries, 183, 190 n. 47 Last Judgement, 11, 127 n. 64, 224 Lawrence, martyr, saint, 8 Lazarus, saint, tomb of, at Autun, xix, 70 n. 6, 207 Leon, 93, 94, 97, 102, 103 Cathedral, 104 Antiphonary of, 103 cloister, 102 episcopal burial, 33-34 n. 6, 97, 98 San Pedro de los Huertos, 97 Visigothic Bible, 94 cult of saints in, xxiii, 93-104 diocese of, 102, 103 illuminated hagiographical cycles in, 34 n. 12 Museo Diocesano, 99 San Isidoro, monastery of, 94, 103 leper, 135, 149 n. 59 Lescar, Cathedral of, 204 Lesmes, saint, 193 Liber Sancti Jacobi, 34 n. 12, 207 light, as radiance, 162 n. 15; see also candle; sun Limoges, monastery of Saint-Martial, 132 literacy, of women, 27 literature, monastic, 158, 160 liturgy, xxiii, 29, 32 Byzantine, 173 calendar, 132, 161 n. 7 INDEX 243 Cluniac, 131, 133 commemorative (pannuchis), 141, 173 feast day, 129-30, 135, 139, 142, 143 litany, 32, 180 Liturgical Statute (Typikon), 173 mandatum (Washing of the Feet), 97, 142, 173 manuscript, 131, 132, 161 n. 6 Menologion, 167, 213 n. 2 Synaxary, 167, 170, 171 Mass, 173, 186 before battle, 60 with demon, 85 Eucharist, 31, 55 n. 38, 64, 65, 72 n. 28, 141 nostrum as, 31, 51, 56 n. 58 Introit, 139-41 Offertory, 64, 141 of Saint Gregory, 65 of San Millân, 27, 31, 34 n. 13 objects associated with, 51, 81, 106 n. 27, 99-102, 162 n. 21, 135, 141, 223 ostentation, 132, 142 performance, 69, 71 n. 14, 73 n. 35, 133, 135, 140-44, 173, 217 n. 61 petition to saint, 27, 43, 96 Prime, 142 reform, 131-33 requiem, 172 Rogations, 142 Roman, 5, 71 n. 14, 104, 132 Roman-Frankish, 10 texts, 102, 161 n. 6, 191 Tierce, 71 n. 14 vestment, 22, 81, 158 vigil, 4, 5, 16 n. 33, 172 Visigothic, 5, 10, 133 see also procession; ritual; song Loarre, casket of Saint Demetrius, 197, 216 n. 43 locus sanctus / loca sancta, xix, xx, 22, 55 n. 39 activities at, xxi, 39, 49, 52 expansion of, xxii, 84 Lombers, 157 London Bishop of, 50 cult of saints, 13, 52 Westminster Abbey 42-44, 46, 48, 49, 52, 55 n. 38 William of, 49, 56 n. 58 Louis I Nagylajos (the Great), King of Hungary, 80-81, 83, 84, 90 n. 42 Louis VII, King of France, 41 Louis IX, King of France, saint, 80 Louis, Count of Toulouse, saint, 80 Loukas Stiris, Abbot of Phokis, saint, cult of, 167, 171-73 image of, xxiii, 168, 169, 171, 172 New Miracle-Worker, 171 prophecy, 171 tomb of, 171-73 175 Lucilla, saint, 221 Lugo, 103 Bishop of, 94 Cathedral of, sarcophagus of Santa Froila, 22 Foz, 94 Villanueva de Lorenzana, monastic church of San Salvador, 96 Magi, 64, 73 n. 34, 81, 204, 205 Manrique, Bishop of Leon, 104 manuscript, xx, xxii, 75 n. 55, 131, 132, 161 n. 6, n. 14, 158, 179 Antiphonary of Leon (Leon, Arch. Cat. MS 8), 103 Breviary of Anne de Prie (Poitiers, Cath.Tr.), 37 n. 36 Breviary of Pierre de Carmaing (New York, Morgan, M 463), 137, 138, 148 n. 38, n. 39 Codex Albeldense (Escoriai, BM, d.i.2), 103 Codex Calixtinus (Santiago de Compostela, Arch. Cat.), 34 n. 12 Etymologies, Isidore of Seville (Paris, BN, n.a.lat. 2169), 117, 118 Gospel Book of Judith of Flanders (New York, Morgan, M 709), 47 Hymnal of Moissac (Vatican City Bib. Ap. Vat., de Rossi, M. 205), 143, 148 n. 49 London, BL, Cotton MS Tib. E. viii, 41 Moissac Troper (Paris, BN, n.a.lat. 1177), 141 Troper-Proser of Moissac (Paris, BN, lat. 1871), 139- 141 Visigothic Bible of Leon (Leon, Arch. Cat. MS 6), 94 see also vita of, individual saint Margaret of Antioch, virgin, martyr, saint and childbirth, 179, 181-86 cult, xxiii, 13, 179-83, 186, 187, 189 n. 20 and dragon, 180, 181, 186, 189 n. 26 image, 182-84, 186, 187 imitation of Christ, 162 n. 25, 179, 183, 184, 186 imitation of Mary 183, 189 n. 23 and marguerite, 183 and pearl, 183, 185 relics, 180, 181, 183, 186, 187 tomb of, 180, 187 see also Vanni altarpiece; vita, of Saint Margaret Maria/Marina, Byzantine Empress, 180 Marina, saint, 174, 175, 179, 180, 189 n. 19 see also Margaret of Antioch Martha, saint, in Orense, 103 Martin, Bishop of Tours, saint, 138 Martin, saint, in Orense, 103 Martinez, Pedro, monk of Mezonzo, also known as Pedro de Mezonzo; Abbot of Sobrado, of San Paio de Antealtares, Bishop of Iria-Compostela, saint, 93, 94, 96, 103 martyr, see martyrdom; type of saint, martyr martyrdom, 6, 7, 62, 63, 162 n. 21, 217 n. 64 crown of, 40 cruciabiles poenae, 6 of Cucfate, 214 n. 10 decapitation, 129, 135, 153, 186 of Donatus, 223 executioner, 135, 155, 186 of Facundo, 34 n. 12 of Juliana, 197, 198 of Margaret, 179, 180, 183-86 persecution, xxi, 57, 61, 64, 180 of Peter and Paul, 129, 130, 135, 139, 141, 145 n. 12, of Pontius, 153-58 of Thomas Becket, 51 of Vicente, Cristeta, and Sabina xxii, 57, 58, 61-63, 68 martyrium, 57, 58, 62, 69 martyrology, 148 n. 43, 152, 161 n. 6, 180, 188 n. 3, 213 n. 2 Mary Virgin, see Virgin Mary Mary of Hungary, mother of Charles Robert of Anjou, 80 Mass, see liturgy Mass of Saint Gregory, 65 Matthew Paris, 42 memory, 75 n. 57, 81, 116, 130, 147 n. 33, 180 of Christ, 184, 186 of deceased, xx, 4, 9, 122, 124 n. 26 as monument, xx, xxi, 27, 51, 52, 66, 69, 98, 113, 152, 201, 219 as praxis, xxii 244 INDEX of saints, xix, xxi, xxiii, 14, 94, 97, 100, 103, 109 n. 73,1 14 liturgical, 141, 172, 73 as memoria, xx, 67, 69, 98, 208, 210, 211 Peter, 138-141 Pontius, 151, 152, 160 of text, 118, 139, 141 structured, 85 Menologion, 167, 213 n. 2 Menulphus, saint, tomb in Saint-Menoux, xix, 203, 204 Milan, 219 militia (milites) Christi, 137, 158 Millân, Abbot of la Cogolla, saint cenotaph, 21-24, 27, 96 alteration, 23, 24, 29, 33 n. 3 cross, 23 effigy, 22, 23 ivory reliquary, 21-27, 100, 151 miracles, xxii, 23, 24, 26-27, 34 n. 8 see also Vita, of saint, Millân miracle, 8, 41 account, xxii, 77, 79, 85, 86 in battle, 77, 80, 85 of blood, 66, 67 in fire, 24, 79, 85-87 n. 18 and martyr, 7, 61 posthumous, xxii, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32 34 n. 8, 57, 77, 79 see also healing Moarves, church of San Pedro, 197, 198, 200 Moissac, monastery of Saint-Pierre abbots, 131, 134, 137, 142, 150 n.65 church, 129, 132, 133, 137, 139, 142, 143, 149 n. 58 altar, 137 capitals, 147 n.31, 161 n. 2 Liberation of Peter, 129, 139, 141, 143 Pilgrim , 41 Reliquary (martyrdoms of Peter and Paul), xxiii, 129-31, 138, 139, 141, 143 Triumph of the Cross, 142 cloister, 114, 119, 120, 133, 139, 162 n. 14 dedication, 130, 131, 150 n. 66 fountain, 135, 142, 150 n. 65 iconographie organization, 129, 134, 135, 141-43 piers, 121, 129, 134, 135, 137, 141-43, 147 n. 31, 203 refurbishment, 134, 147 n. 31 and La Daurade, 133 liturgy (ceremony/ritual), 129, 130-33, 135, 139-44 procession, 134, 139, 142, 143, 144 n. 3, 148 n.47, 149 n. 59 and local nobility, 132, 137, 138, 142 and Saint-Sernin, 146 n. 16, 149 n. 54 saints, 142 Ansbert, Abbot, 142, 147 n. 32 Géraud, 132, 133 patrons, Peter and Paul, 120, 129, 130, 131, 135— 38, 140, 141, 143, 144 relics, 135, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144 n. 3, 149 n. 59 reform, 131-33, 142, 146 n. 16 scriptorium, 131, 140, 143, 146 n. 16 Breviary of Pierre de Carmaing, 137, 138, 148 n. 38, n. 39 Hymnal, 143, 148 n. 49 Troper-Proser of, 139-41 Moissac, Saint-Ansbert (Saint-Martin), church of, 142 Mokios, healer, martyr, saint, 167, 169 monastery, xxii, xxiii, 97, 98, 103 cloister, see cloister founder, 97, 102, 167, 171-73, 175 hospitality of, 151, 152, 173 library, 158, 163 n. 41, life in, 102, 122, 131-34, 142-44, 145 n. 13, 146 n. 16 160, 163 n, 41 personification of, 158 retirement to, 93-95 treasury, 100-02 with two churches, 21, 171 see also burial, in cloister; burial, in monastery; healing; listings for individual sites Mondonedo bishopric, 94 Cathedral of San Martin, 98 monk artist, 170 as audience, 34 n. 8, 50, 135-37, 155, 183 chanting 29, 43, 44, j 7-8 custodian of tomb or relics, 40, 42, 122, 143, 144, 151, 219 deceased, 29, 173 healing of, 31, 99 and humility, j 8, 12 milites Christi, 137, 158 preaching, 163 n. 41 preparing nostrum, 56 n. 58 reading, 29, 37 n. 43, 40, 45, 118, 133, 141 and ritual, 29, 31, 173 and pita apostolica, 160 see also bishop, -abbot; burial, in cloister; burial, in monastery; saints, type of monstrance, 65 Montefiascone Cathedral of, xxiii, 180, 181, 186, 187, 189 n. 19 see of, 179 Montelios, monastery of, 94, 95 Mont-Saint-Michel, 162 n. 14 Montecassino, monastery of, 147 n. 29 moon (Luna), 47, 52, 54 n. 35, 71 n. 18 Moreruela, monastery of Santa Maria, 94, 97, 102 mosaic, 8, 9, 167, 222 see also Phokis, Hosios Loukas Moses, 85, 86, 159, 160, 163 n.37 Mount Athos, 170 mourners, 46, 47, 52 musical instruments, 224 Nagyvârad, Cathedral of, 77, 80 construction, 79 coronation-pilgrimage to, 80, 81, 83 decoration of, 84 fire, 79, 84-86 f 3, 13, 14, 16, 17 Nâjera, 31, 191 narrative, see decoration, type of, narrative Neophytus, martyr, saint, 168, 170 Nero, Emperor of Rome, 135 Niketas, martyr, saint, 168, 170 nostrum, 51 see also healing, potion nun, 14, 88 n. 22 oath, 66, 84, 85, 90 n. 46, 133 offering (donation) to church, 65, 73 n. 29, 80, 81, 88 n. 22 to God, 155, 162 n.21 to monastery, 97, 151, 171 obligatory, 207 Offertory, 64, 141 to saint, 32, 40, 44, 67, 81, 143, 144 of self, 45 of soul, 10 INDEX 245 votive (ex-voto), 29, 36 n. 30, 45, 186 Olybrius, Roman prefect, 182-84 Orcagna, Andrea, 222 Ordono, Bishop of Astorga, saint, 93, 94, 98, 100, 103 Ordono de Celanova, 94, 95, 106 n. 27, n. 30, 107 n. 34, 108 n. 63, n. 70 Ordono II, King of Asturias and Leon, 97 Ordono III, King of Asturias and Leon, 94 Orense, 93, 95, 97, 100, 103, 105 n. 1 Museo de la Catedral, 96, 100, 203 Oria of San Millân de la Cogolla, visionary, saint, 21, 27 ornament, see decoration Osma, see Burgo de Osma, El Osmund, Bishop of Old Sarum, saint, 55 n. 39 Osorio, Gonzalo, Bishop of Coimbra, saint, 93 Oviedo, 103, 104, 191, 203 Arca Santa, 203, 216 n. 43 Cathedral cloister, 215 n. 41 pagan, 6, 15 n. 4 , 64, 198 cults, 4 festivals, 3, 4 gods, 157 heroized dead, 9 idols, 57 defeat of, 63, 157 refusal to worship, 57, 61, 64, 153, 158, 159,184 mythology, 120, 126 n. 44, 180 ruler, 61, 63, 64, 135, 153-57, 158, 162 n. 23, 163 n. 33, 182-84 painting, 74 n. 40, 231 n. 27 adoration of, 5 Byzantine practices, 170 fresco, 83, 88 n. 22, 167, 171 manual, 170 manuscript, 23, 34 n. 12, 42, 131 panel, 65-67, 72 n. 26, 179, 222 Saint Cecilia Master, 183 see also Vanni altarpiece reredos, 34 n. 16 Palencia, 191, 197 Palm Sunday, 60 Panteleimon (Pantaleon), martyr, saint, 167-69, 171, 172, 176 n. 2 Paradise, 175 Paris church of Saint-Germain-des Près, 162 n. 14, 180, 189 n. 20 church of Saint-Martin-des-Champs, 162 n. 14 Parma, Cathedral of, tomb of Saints Abdon and Sennen, 203 Paschal, Pope, 163 n. 40 passio, 39, 57 Paul, apostle, martyr, saint, xxiii, 64, 143, 212 image of, 72, 195, 221 Avila, 66, 67 Moissac, 129, 130, 135-38, 141, 143 Santillana del Mar, 197, 199, 200 Santo Domingo de la Calzada, 199, 200 Paul III (Alexandre Farnese), Pope, 152 Pavia, 219 pearl, 183, 185 Pedro, Bishop of Lugo, Abbot of Samos, saint, 94 Pedro, Bishop of Osma, saint tomb at El Burgo de Osma, xxii, 28-32 Pedro de Mezonzo, see Martinez, Pedro Pedro de Rates, Bishop of Braga, saint, 105 n. 1 Pedro del Barco, saint, 67 Pedro Telmo, Dominican, saint, 103 Pelagio, Bishop of Iria Flavia, saint, 93 Pelayo, Bishop of Leon, saint, 93, 97, 99-100, 102, 103 Pelayo, Bishop of Oviedo, 104 Penalba, Santiago de, monastery, 94-98, 100 penance, 50 Perigueux, tomb of Saint Front, 207 persecution, of Christians, see martyrdom Persia, 175, 219 Peter, apostle of Rome, saint, xxiii, 95, 120, 127 n. 68, 131, 139-41 and Edward the Confessor, 52 image of, 67, 129, 193, 221 liberation from prison, 139, 141 martyrdom, 129, 135-37 at Santiallana del Mar, 197, 199-200 at Santo Domingo de la Calzada, 199-200 relics, 130, 137, 138, 142-44 tomb of, 50 Peter Damian, 224 Peter Martyr, saint, 219 Phephronia, healer, saint, 175 Philip, Roman emperor, 156, 157 Phokis, Flosios Loukas, monastery of, xxiii foundation, 171 hospital, 173 Katholikon crypt, 167, 172, 173 iconographie programme, 167-69, 171-75 liturgy, 172, 173 naos, 167, 169, 171, 173 narthex, 167, 169-72, 175 northwest chapel, 172, 173 structural division, 167, 172 Panaghia, church of the, 171 tomb of Loukas Stiris, 172, 173 pilgrimage, 171, 173 Mount Stiriot, 171 Saint Barbara, monastery of, 171 see also Loukas Stiris Piasca, 205 Piatti, Giovanni Antonio, 219 Pigasios, martyr, saint, 175 pilgrims, xx-xxii, xxiv, 39, 43-46, 49-52, 55 n. 38, 87 n. 8, 96, 186, 191 armed, 52, 137 irreverent, 32 and Muslims, 4 offerings, 32, 40 see also audience, pilgrim; devotion, popular; pilgrimage Pilgrim's Guide (Liber Sancti Jacobi / Codex Calixtinus), xx, 191, 203, 207 pilgrimage, xix, xx, xxiv, 52 coronation-pilgrimage, 80, 81, 83 route to Compostela, 152, 191 pilgrimage to Aachen, 80, 81, 83 Canterbury, 37 n. 36, 39, 42, 49, 50 Cologne, 80, 81 El Burgo de Osma, 28, 32 Hosios Loukas, 171, 173 Jerusalem, 44, 108 n. 53, 137 Montefiascone, 186 Nagyvârad, 80, 81, 83 Qala'at Sem'an, 4 Saint Albans, 55 n. 39 Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, 152 San Millân de la Cogolla, 21, 22, 27, 33 n. 4, n. 5 Santiago de Compostela, 193 Santiallana del Mar, 195, 201, 202, 207 Santo Domingo de Silos, 29, 30, 122, 123 n. 6, 216 n. 58 Westminister Abbey, 43-45, 48, 49, 52 246 INDEX Pineda de la Sierra, 198 Pisano, Nicola, 219, 220, 222 Plague, 179, 181, 182, 226 play, mystery, 179 pleurant, 46, 47 Plutarch, on festivals, 3 Poitiers, tomb of Saint Radegonde, xxiv, 37 n. 36 Pons, Count of Toulouse, 131 Pons, Raymond, Count of Toulouse, 151 Pons de Melgueil, Abbot of Cluny, 151 Ponte de Lima, 94, 95 Pontianus, Pope, saint, 159 Pontius of Cimiez, martyr, saint apostolic mission, 160, 162 n. 15 baptism, 152, 159 conversion, 159, 162 n. 27 cult, 152, 160 defender of faith, 152 and idols, 153, 157-59 images of, xxiii, 151-60 imitation of Christ, 153, 157, 163 n. 33 martyrdom, 153-57 and Moses, 159, 160 relics, 151 personification of monastery, 152, 158 tomb of, 152 see also Saint-Pons-de-Thomières; vita, of Pontius pope, 158, 160 power, 131 renovation of Rome, 226 Pope (not sainted) Clement IV, 207 Fabianus, 157 Gelasius I, 179 Innocent III, 162 n. 26 Paul III, 152 Urban II, 133, 137 Urban IV, 180 Urban V, 190 n. 53 Portugal, 94, 133 potentia, see saint, power of praesentia, see saint, presence of Prague, 84 prayer at baptism, 159 contemplative, 186 at death, 47, 155, 181 at funeral, 47, 172 for healing, 170, 173, 179 monastic, 120, 121, 133, 145 n. 13, 171 penitential, 50 for protection, 10, 116-20, 182, 186 for rain, 31 for success, 10 thanksgiving, 44 at tomb, xxi, 27, 31, 40, 42-45, 52 preach, 3-6, 137, 163 n.41, 175, 179, 184 priest, 4, 13, 22, 26, 27, 35 n. 22, 142, 148 n. 47 procession, xxii, 60, 64, 73 n. 35, 134, 139, 142, 143, 144 n. 3, 148 n. 47, 149 n. 59, 173 prophecy, 157, 171 Provence, cult of saints in, 152 Prudentius, 6, 10, 14 psalm, see Bible, Old Testament, Psalms Radegonde of Poitiers, queen, saint, xxiv, 37 n. 36 Ramiro 'el monje', King of Aragón, 151, 152 Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, 162 n. 26 reciprocation between saint and faithful, xix, xx, xxi, 52, 77 78 143 144 between shrine and site, 57-65, 84 Reims, church of Saint-Remi, xix relics access to, xxii, 50-52, 99, 195, 202, 221 and battle, 60, 77 body parts, 77-79, 85, 96, 138, 180, 189 n. 20, 219 corporeal status, 130 depository, xxi, 14, 21, 39, 55 n. 39, 77, 97, 129, 130, 135, 137, 138, 142, 183, 197, 200 altar, xxiii, 57, 97, 152, 186, 191, 195, 209, 211, 212, 214 n. 10 sarcophagus, 50, 95, 98, 202, 203, 227 desecration, 151, 226 display of, xx, 74 n.41, 78, 81, 138, 149 n. 59, 151, 195 footprint in stone, 52, 61 function of, xxi, 77, 78, 84, 85, 90 n. 46, 121, 142 protective, xxii, xxiii, 60, 77, 79, 85, 90 n. 41, 181 thaumaturgie, xxi, xxiii, 45, 51, 98, 99, 111, 120 inventio, 45, 57, 60, 98, 201, 208 and pilgrimage, xx, 80, 1 15 -portage, 77 possession of, xx, xxi, xxiii, 80, 93, 102-04, 121, 191, 226 protection of, 42, 79, 158 secondary, xxi, 50, 51, 67, 99-102, 138, 180 tomb as, 42 translation of, xxii-xxiv, 21, 31, 40, 44, 52, 69, 94-98, 130, 138, 151, 172, 180, 191, 195, 203, 209 veneration of, 42, 52, 80, 81, 143-44, 171, 186-87, 191, 193 see also altar, relic depository; cult of, relics relics of Christ, 52 True Cross, 137, 138 relics of Saint Atiliano, 98, 103 Charlemagne, 81 Domingo of Silos, 95, 106 n. 29, 111, 121, 122 Donatus, 220, 226 Edward the Confessor, 44, 47, 48 Ermengol of Urgel, 95, 106 n. 29 Froilân, 34 n. 6, 93, 97, 102-04 Genadio of Astorga, 93-98 Gonzalo de Mondonedo, 94, 98, 99, 102 Holy Persian Martyrs, 219 Isidore of Seville, 94, 98, 102 Juliana, 191, 201, 203, 208, 209 Ladislas, 77, 79, 81, 85 Loukas Stiris, 171, 172 Margaret, 180, 181, 183, 186, 187 Millân, 21 Oria and Amunia, 27 Ordono of Astorga, 98, 100 Paul, 129, 135, 138 Pedro of Osma, 31 Peter, 129, 130, 135, 137, 138, 142 Pontius, 151, 152 Rosendo of Celanova, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100 Segundo, 60 Stephen, King of Hungary, 80, 81 Thomas Becket, 40 Torcuato, 95 Three Magi, 81 Vincente, Sabina and Cristeta of Avila, 69, 121 Virgin Mary, 52, 180, 200, 201 reliquary, 57, 59, 96, 97, 100, 151 bust, xxii, 77-85, 195, 225 cabinet, 96 capital, see Moissac, cloister, capitals INDEX 247 casket, 96, 100, 151, 195, 203, 239 of San Millân de la Cogolla, 21-27, 100, 151 and cult of saints, xix, 77-79, 151 display of, 81, 106 n. 27 iconography, 67, 203, m 13, 14 Remigius, Bishop of Reims, saint, xix resurrection, 119, 120, 122, 224, 173, 225 see also Jesus Christ, Resurrection reverence (reverentia), 133, 134, 189 n. 27 Ribas de Sil monastery of San Esteban, 93-95 episcopal pantheon, 97 bishops'rings, 99, 102 Ribera del Duero, 30 ring, 44, 52, 55 n. 38, 99, 100, 102, 108 n. 53 Rioja, La, 30 ritual, xxi, 9, 10, 64, 99, 173 administration of Becket's blood, 56 n. 58 alliance with saint, 60 blessing, 10, 142 and childbirth, 180, 181, 185, 186 churching, 185 in cloister, see Moissac, cloister coronation-pilgrimage, 80, 81 enshroud the corpse, 32 penitence, 50 petition to saint, 10, 31 and reliquary, xxii, xxiii, 80, 98 at saint's funerary monument, xxi, xxii, 21, 27-32, 49, 52, 55 n. 8, 98, 99, 173 circumambulation, xxii, 27, 28, 32, 35 n. 24 see also devotion, popular swear, 66, 84, 85, 90 n. 46, 133 vigil, 98 wedding, 180 see also devotion, popular; liturgy Roda de Isâbena, cathedral, 204 Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, Archbishop of Toledo, 99 Roger II Trencavel, Viscount of Béziers and Carcassone, 157, 158, 160 Romanos, Byzantine emperor, 171 Rome, xx, 88 n. 22, 137, 149 n. 57, 151, 179 art, ancient, 219 burial in, 9, 12 and cathedral, 103 and monastery, 131, 143, 160 and saint, xxiii, 49, 52, 93, 144 n. 3, 170, 157, 160, 180, 189 n. 20 monuments of, 50, 226 Rosendo of Celanova, Bishop of Iria Flavia-Compostela, saint, 93 burial of, 94, 95 cult of, 96 image of, 102 miracles, 96, 98, 99 ring, 99 sarcophagus of, 21, 22, 27, 29, 96 translation of, 95 Treasure of, 100 Royaumont, 162 n. 14 Rule of Saint Benedict, 133, 134 Sabina and Cristeta, sisters of Vicente of Avila, virgins, martyrs, saints, xxii, 57-63, 67-69, 72 n. 24 Sacchetti, Franco, 226 Saint Cecilia Master, 183 Saint Gall, monastery, 132 Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert, monastery of, xix, 204 Saint-Junien, church of, 204 Saint-Menoux, church of, xix, 203, 204 Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, monastery of, xxiii, 151-60 cathedral status, 152 cloister capitals, twelfth-century, 151-60 Patron Saint series, 152-57, 159, 160, 161 n. 13 placement of, 155, 156 cloister capitals, thirteenth-century, 151, 152, 158-60 and heresy, 158, 163 n. 40 library, 158 and local nobility, 151, 158, 160 see also Pontius of Cimiez, martyr, saint saint and animals, 119, 153, 159 athleta patriae, 77, 80, 85 and devil, 180, 181, 186, 189 n. 26, 198, 200 canonization, see canonization imitation of, xxi, xxiv, 3-5, 7-11 exempta, 151 inimitable, 11, 13-14 lapides vivi, 224 miraculous appearance of, 32, 41, 44, 51, 52, 55 n. 38, 77 patronus, 10 power of xxiv, 10, 14, 85, 86, 120, 121, 181, 183, 184, 186 potentia, xxi, 39, 48, 77, 180-81, 183 vox populi vox dei, 179 presence of, xxi-xiv, 77-79, 81, 84, 111, 120, 151, 153, 159, 181, 185, 187, 189 n. 20, 225 praesentia, xxi, 27, 30, 32, 39, 51, 77, 183 see also relics; reliquary; shrine of Saint; tomb, of Saint; vita of Saint saint, type of, xxi, 93, 167, 175 abbot, xxii, 23, 24, 26-27, 34 n. 8, 100, 118, 120, 138, 142, 147 n. 32, 171 abbot-bishop, 93-104 apostles, 64, 93, 95, 130, 135, 152, 160, 175, 200, 203, 206, 210-12, 227 archbishop, 39, 41, 42, 48-50, 55 n. 42, n. 43, n. 45, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 103, 117, 118, 132, 133 ascetic-mystic layperson, 226 bishop, xix, xxi, xxii, xxiv, 4-14, 15 n. 5, 16 n. 36, 24, 28-32, 35 n. 17, n. 18, 50-51, 55 n. 39, 64, 79, 93- 104, 138, 158, 220-24 doctor of church, xxi, 4-7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 64, 65, 94, 98, 102, 103, 117-19, 180 evangelists, 43, 44, 52, 55 n.38, 197, 199, 200, 204, 215 n. 30, n. 36, n. 39, 217 n. 61, n. 64, n. 67, 215 female, xxii, xxiv, 13, 14, 27, 37 n. 36, 52, 57-63, 67- 69, 72 n. 24, 77, 79, 88 n. 22, 95, 96, 98, 163 n. 29, 167, 172, 174, 175, 179-87, 180, 183, 191, 195, 200-03, 205, 207, 211, 212, 214 n. 10, 215 n. 31, 222, 226, 232 n. 37 healer, 167-75 hermit, 94 martyr, 4, 6-10, 12-14, 16 n. 36, 17 n. 75, 39, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 55 n. 42, n. 43, n. 45, 57-64, 66-69, 72 n. 24, 84, 93, 95, 96, 129, 130, 135-38, 141, 143, 152-60, 162 n. 15, n. 21, 167, 168, 169, 170-72, 175, 176 n. 2, 179-83, 186-87, 189 n.20, 191, 195, 197, 198-200, 202, 203, 205, 207, 212, 214 n. 10, 217 n. 64, 219, 220-24 monk, 50, 93, 94, 96, 103, 167, 170-72 nun, 14 royal, xxiv, 37 n. 36, 39, 42-45, 48-49, 51-52, 54 n. 18, 55 n. 38, 77, 79-85, 88 n. 22 virgin, 6, 8, 10, 13, 52, 77, 79, 95, 96, 98, 163 n. 29, 172, 179-87, 189 n. 20 191, 195, 200-03, 205, 207, 211, 212, 215 n. 31, 222 salvation, 120-22, 173-75 Samos, monastery of, 94 248 INDEX San Esteban de Gormaz, church of, 28 San Esteban de Ribas de Sil, monastery of, see Ribas de Sil San Millân de la Cogolla, monastery of, xxii, 21-28, 96, 100 San Pedro de Montes, monastery of, 94 San Pietro della Valle, 180 San Vicente de Avila, church of see Avila Sant-Pere de Äger, 100 Santa Coinba de Bande, 95 Santander, abbey of San Emeterio, 203 Santiago (James Major), apostle, martyr, saint, 34 n. 12, 93, 95 Santiago de Compostela, 94, 103, 104 Cathedral of 94, m 7, 15 Pilgrim's Guide in Codex Calixtinus (Liber Sanctijacobi), xx, 34 n. 12, 191, 203, 207 pilgrims to, 33 n. 4 route to, 152, 191, 193 San Pelayo (Paio) de Antealtares, 94, 96, 99 Santillana del Mar, collegiate church of Santa Maria, 191— 212 altar, 191, 195-97, 201, 203, 209, 211, 212 cloister, 197, 199-201, 206 portal, 193, 199, 200, 206 reliefs, 197-200, 203-07 apostles, 197, 199, 200, 203, 206, 207 Christ in Majesty, 197, 198, 200, 204, 205 Juliana and Satan, 197, 198, 200, 205 Virgin and Child, 197, 198, 204-07 see also Alonso de Cartagena; Juliana, saint, tomb of Santo Domingo de la Calzada, Cathedral of, 27, 28, 35 n. 24, 37 n. 44 sculpture apostles, 199, 200, 206 see also Domingo de la Calzada, saint, tomb of Santo Domingo de Silos, Monastery of cloister, xxiii, 111-22 burial in, 111-15, 121, 122 Munoz-Finojosa monument, 115, 121 inscription, 111-18 and Moissac, xxiii, 114, 119-21 pier reliefs, 111, 122 enamel altarpiece, 22 pilgrims to, 29-31, 33 n. 5, 35 n. 22 scriptorium Beatus, 120, 128 n. 93 Etymologies, Isidore of Seville, 117-18 see also Domingo de Silos, Abbot of Silos; tomb of Saint sarcophagus, xxiv, 50, 68, 227 Aquitanian, 96 on columns, 27, 29, 30, 96, 219, 227 house-shaped (domatomorphic), 22, 58 re-use of, 219 at Trasmonte (La Coruna), 99 wooden, 220 sarcophagus of individual (not sainted) Alonso de Cartagena, 193 Bianca in Nâjera, 31 sarcophagus of Saint Alvito of Leon, 98 Bede, the Venerable, xxiv corpo santo of Iria Flavia, Padrón, 99 Domingo de La Calzada, 31-32 Domingo de Silos, 22, 114 Edward the Confessor, 42, 44-46, 48 Fagildo, 96, 99 Froila, 22 Froilân, 33 n. 6, 97 Fructuoso of Braga, 95 Juan de Ortega, 22, 217 n. 61 Juliana, 193, 195, 201, 203, 205 Loukas Stiris, 172 Osmund, 55 n. 39 Osorio Gutierrez, 96 Pedro de Osma, 28, 31, 32 Rosendo, 21, 29, 95, 96 Stephen, 50 Thomas Becket, 39, 42, 49, 50 Satan, 197, 198, 200, 205 see also devil, demon sculpture, xxiii, 23, 24, 28, 31, 39, 47, 66, 67, 104 metalwork, 79, 84, 227 protective power of, 90 n. 41, 122, 124 n. 17 stone, 57, 65, 67, 68, 71 n. 18, 72 n. 28, 113-15, 118- 22, 129-31, 134, 135, 137, 141-44, 146 n.21, 151, 152, 158, 163 n. 41, 193, 198-201, 203-07, 222- 27 painted, 75 n. 59, 197 Segundo of Avila, saint, 60 Seneca, 12 senses, xx, xxiv, 6, 8, 11, 14, 29, 224 as ceremonial thinking, 134, 135, 138, 142-44 kinesthetic (motion), xx, 5, 7, 44, 52, 60, 61, 80, 99, 114-16, 138, 139, 142, 143, 221 sight, xxi, 21, 22, 24, 30-32, 43, 45, 49, 61, 78, 81, 111, 115, 118, 135, 136, 140, 200, 201, 221 smell, xxi, 5, 29 sound (hear), xxi, 7, 43, 60, 61, 118, 141, 142, 224 and synaesthesia, xxi, 50, 52 as perceptual association, 78 as spectaculum, 1 taste (ingest), xxi, 30, 31, 98, 99 touch, xx, xxi, 5, 7, 12, 21, 27, 29, 30, 49-52, 96, 98, 99, 201 Servando, Bishop of Iria Flavia, saint, 93 Seville (Sevilla), 94, 98 Shenute of Atripe, 6 shrine, xix-xxiv, 39, 225 and cult, xix-xxii, 4, 28, 51, 52, 60 châsse, 41, 44, 48, 55 n. 39, 151 cloister as, xxiii, 114, 130, 151, 156, 160 crypt as, xx, 69, 172 decoration, xix-xxi, 65-67, 96, 98, 222-24 feretory, 39, 41, 203, 204 images of, 39-52, 96 as microbasilica, 58-59 pilgrimage, xx, 27, 28, 48, 96 placement, 57, 62-65, 68, 69, 227 structure of 55 n. 39, 49-52, 57-59, 65-67, 195, 204, 205, 221, 222 typology, 34 n. 12, 51, 96, 203, 204, 219, 221, 222, 227 visitor, xx-xxii, 52, 61, 221 whole body, 227 see also fenestella; healing; ritual shrine of Saint Chad of Mercia, 50 Cyprian, 4 Domingo de Silos, 22, 29, 111 Donatus (Giovanni di Francesco da Arezzo and Betto di Francesco da Firenze), 220-26 Edward the Confessor (Peter the Roman), 42-49, 52 Eufemia, 96 Gilles, 203 Holy Persian Martyrs (Giovanni Antonio Piatti), 219 Ildefonso, 96 Juliana, 191-207 Ladislas, 77, 80, 81 Loukas Stiris, xxiii Millân, 23, 27, 151 Rosendo, 21, 29, 95, 96 Sabina and Cristeta, 57, 67-69, 216 n. 57 INDEX 249 Thomas Becket (Elias of Dereham and Walter of Colchester), 40-42, 49, 51 Vicente de Âvila, 22, 23, 29, 34 n. 12, 57-69, 216 n. 57 Siena, Cathedral of, 222 Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary, 79, 84-86 Silos, see Santo Domingo de Silos Siones, 198 siren, see harpy slave, 182 song by Elders of Apocalypse, 122 epic, 130 at festivals, 3, 4, 7 liturgical, 71 n. 14, 212 carmen, 98 chant, xxiii, 10, 43, 120, 131-33, 138, 143, 159 for deceased, 32 Akathistoi, 173 hymn, xxiii, 4, 29, 143, 148 n. 49, 173, 212, 231 n. 23 psalm, 125 n. 41, 133, 141, 148 n. 47, 150 n. 66, 159, 212 trope, 5-6, 16-18, 20, 132, 141 siren's, 119, 120 soul, 6-8, 10, 12, 124 n. 17, 125 n. 41 as bird, 119, 120 Spain cult of saints in, 23, 27-31, 60, 69, 93-104, 111, 122, 180, 191, 193, 195, 202, 203, 205, 207 monuments of saints in, xx, xxi-xxiv, 21-37, 57-76, 93- 128, 191-218 portals, 193, 198-200, 206 Reconquest, 100 Stephen, King of Hungary, saint, 79, 80, 81, 84, 87 n. 18, 88 n. 21, n. 22 Stephen, protomartyr, saint, 50 sun, 62-64, 71 n. 18 (Sol), 47, 52 solstice, 116, 124 n. 27 supplicant, xix, xxi, 24, 27, 31, 37 n. 36, 98 Symeon Stylites, ascetic, saint, 4, 14 synaesthesia, see senses Synaxary, 167, 170, 171 Syria, 13, 14, 15 n. 14 Székesfehérvâr, Cathedral of, 80, 81 taste, changing, xxiv as renovation of tomb, 195, 200-03 as typology of tomb, 219, 220, 226, 227 see also senses, taste Ten Books of Surgery, illustrated by Ambroise Paré, 184, 185 Tenorio, Claudio, Abbot Fray, 96 Teresa of Avila, nun, mystic, saint, 14 Tertullian, 64, 127 n. 70 Thabarka, 9 Thalaleus, healer, saint, 169 thaumaturgy, see healing, power of saint Thebes, 171 Thekla, healer, saint, 175 Thérèse of Lisieux, nun, 14 Thomas, apostle, saint, 175 Toledo, Archbishop of, 103 Bernard de Sédirac, 133 Eugenio, saint, 98 Ildefonso, saint, 98, 103 Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, 99 Visigothic liturgy, 5, 10 tomb anthropomorphic, 69, 111 arcosolium, 39, 57, 75 n. 56, 95 in cave, 27 enfeu, 135 floor-tomb, 69, 95 see also tomb of Christ; tomb of individual (not sainted); tomb of Saint tomb of Christ, xii Holy Sepulchre, 35 n. 23 sepulcrum Domini, 51, 52 see also Jerusalem, Holy Sepulchre tomb of individual (not sainted), Alonso de Cartagena, Bishop of Burgos, 193 Arnulf, Bishop of Lisieux, 47 Bianca of Nâjera, Queen of Castilla, 31 Blatta, lady, in Saint Anastasia, Rome, 12, 13 Crescentinus, in Thabarka, 9 Estrada family, 67 Gonzalez, Fernân, Count of Castilla, 121 Guido Tarlati, Bishop of" Arezzo, 223, 225, 226 Jew of San Vicente de Avila, 69 lady, in Church of la Magdalena, Zamora, 68, 205 Louis de France, 54 n. 34 Sanchez de Finojosa, Muno, and family, 115, 121 Proiecta, 9 Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, Archbishop of Toledo, 99 tomb of saint, xix-xxiv, 39, 51, 52, 95, 201, 202, 207, 228, 229 access to, 49-52, 99, 108 n. 64, 172, 173, 195, 221 alteration, 40-42, 44, 46, 47, 51, 52, 65-69, 95, 96, 98, 191-207, 220-22 audience, xix, xx, 21, 61 see alsoiO devotion, popular changing reception of, xxiv, 195, 200-03, 219, 220, 226, 221 as chapel, xix, 207 church as macrosepulchre, xxii, 51, 58 circumamhulation, see ritual in crypt, 32, 39, 40, 42, 49, 50, 53 n. 2, 59, 69, 172 destruction of, 98, 201, 226 disrespect for, 32 episcopal pantheon, 93, 97 hagiographical text and, 36 n. 28 historiated, 28-32, 57-65, 219, 223, 224 iconography and symbolism, 21, 27-32, 46-47, 51, 52, 203-04, 222-26, 227 inventio, 34 n. 12 loculus, 227 as microbasilica (microedifice), xxii, 58 objects found in, 98, 99 openings in, see fenestella pilgrimage to, see pilgrimage tomb-shrine, see shrine typology, 44, 50, 51, 96, 98, 99, 219-20, 226-27 see also cenotaph; devotion, popular, at saint s tomb; relics; sarcophagus; shrine; tomb of Christ; tomb of Saint tomb of Saint: Abdon and Sennen, 203 Augustine, in Pavia, 219, 223, 228, 230 n. 6 Catherine of Siena, 232 n. 37 Chad of Mercia, 50 Dominic, in Bologna, 219 Domingo de la Calzada, 27, 31-32, 215 n. 40 Domingo de Silos, xxiii, 22, 30, 95, 111-16, 122, 124 n. 26, 203 Donatus, xxiv, 220-26 Edward the Confessor, xxii, 42-49, 52 Eufemia, 96 Fagildo, 99 Froila, 22 Froilân, 34-35 n. 6, 97 250 INDEX Front, 207 Gilbert, 201-02 Giraldus of Angers, 36 n. 28 Gonzalo de Mondonedo, 94, 98 lldefonso de Toledo, 98 Juan de Ortega, 22, 217 n. 61 Juliana, see shrine of, Juliana Junien, 204 Ladislas, 80 Lazarus, xix, 70 n. 6, 207 Loukas Stiris, xxiii, 171-73, 175 Margaret, xxiii, 180, 187 Menulphus (Menoux), xix, 203 Millân, see cenotaph of Saint, Millân Ordono, 98, 100 Oria and Amunia, 27 Osorio Gutierrez, 96 Pedro de Osma, 28-32, 35 n. 25 Pedro del Barco, 67 Peter, in Rome, 50 Peter Martyr, in Milan, 219 Pontius, 152 Radegonde, xxiv, 37 n. 36 Raymond, in Roda de Isâbena, 204 Rosendo, 21, 29, 95, 96 Sabina and Cristeta, see shrine of Saint, Sabina and Cristeta Stephen, 50 Thomas Becket, see shrine of Saint, Thomas Becket Vicente de Avila, 57 see also shrine of Saint, Vicente de Avila Zenobius, 227 Torcuato, Bishop of Guadix, martyr, saint, 95, 96 torture, see martyrdom Toulouse Bishop of, 131 Cathedral of Saint-Etienne, 137 Counts of, 80, 131, 151, 162 n. 26 Epiphany relief, m 15 fourth ecclesiastical council, 131 La Daurade, church of, 133 Saint-Sernin, church of, 146 n. 16, 149 n. 54 touch, see senses transaction between abbot and stoneworker, m 19 between saint and supplicant, xxi, xxii, 21 as law suit, 4 legal, at saint's tomb, xxi, 66, 84, 85, 90 n. 46 see also oath; reciprocation Translatio et miracula sancti Emiliani, 21 Tryphon martyr, saint, 169 physician, saint, 169 Tuy, 94, 95, 102, 103 Uncastillo, church of Santa Maria , 198, 205, 218 n. 69 Upenna, 8 Valladolid, 96 Vallecésar, monastery of, 97 Vanni, Turino, 179 Vanni Altarpiece (in the manner of Turino Vanni), xxi, xxiii, 12, 179, 186, 187 attribution to Montefiascone Cathedral, 179, 180, 186, 187, 190 n. 59 audience 181, 182, 185, 186 commission, 179, 181 design, 183, 185 Dominican elements, 179, 182, 184 donor, 179, 182 iconography, 179, 182-86, 190 n. 52 see also Margaret of Antioch, virgin, martyr, saint Varad, church of, see Nagyvârad Velemér, church of, 83 Venice, 19 vice drunkeness, xxi, 3, 4, 11, 12, 16 n. 33, 32 lasciviousness (sensuality), 12, 184 as concubinage, 182 pride, 36 n. 27 sadism, 61 simony, 32 see also violence Vicente (Vincent) de Avila, from Talavera, martyr, saint burial, 57-59 effigy, 68 marble tomb, 57, 69 martyrdom, with sisters Sabina and Cristeta, 57-59, 61, 62, 64 refusal to worship idols, 61, 64 relics, 69 shrine of, xxi, xxii, 22, 29, 34 n. 12, 57-69, 96, 216 n. 57 alterations to, 57, 65-67 baldachin, 66-68, 106 n. 28 circumambulation, 61, 64 and citizens, 60 and city, 60, 61, 64 decoration, 57-65 hagiographie narrative, 23, 29, 58, 59, 61-62, 64 iconography, 59 imagery apostles, 64, 205 Epiphany, 62-65, 204 majestas Domini, 58, 61-63, 204 oath-taking at, 66 orientation, 59-64 panel painting, 66, 67 placement, 68, 69 with sisters, as trinity, 64 translation of, 69 see also Avila; Jew, of Avila; vita of, Vicente (Vincent), Cristeta, and Sabina of Avila Victricius of Rouen, 6 vigil, 4, 5, 16 n. 33, 98, 172 Viliulfo, Bishop of Iria Flavia, saint, 93 Villafranca, 96 Villanueva de Lorenzana (Vilanova de Lourenzâ), monastery of, church of San Salvador, 96, 99 Vimarasio, Bishop of Orense, saint, 93 violence, 12, 118-20, 184 battered, 14 see also martyrdom Virgin Mary, 95, 163 n. 29, 215 n. 31 altar, 98, 195, 211, 112, 222 appearance, 77, 96 benefactor of Hungary, 79 imitatio Mariae, 183 Koimesis of, 172 Life of, 222 relics, 200, 201 girdle, 52, 180 Virgin and Child (Maestas Mariae), 197, 198, 200, 204- 07, 222 virtues, 12, 120 almsgiving, 135 good works, 133 humility, 133, 175, 183 personifications of, n 4 of saints, 116, 120, n 5 sancta rusticitas, 227 INDEX 251 virginity, 183 Visigothic Bible, Cathedral of Leon, 94 Visigoths, 98, 103, 118, 121, 127 n. 62 church, 102, 104 liturgy, 5, 10, 133 monastic customs, 102, 103, 131 vita, xix-xxi, 51, 158 activa, 103, 160 apostolica, 160 Christi, 51 collection of saints'lives, 167 Catalogus Sanctorum (Petrus de Natalibus), 224, 231 n. 20 Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine, 14, 1 2 Vitae gestaque sanctorum by Antonio degli Agli, 226 historiated, xxiii, d 18, i 2 contemplativa, 103, 160 prosula, 132 vita of Saint Atiliano, 94 Vita Sancti Attilani Episcopi Zamorensis, 106 n. 17 Cyrus, 170, 171 Domingo of Silos Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos by Gonzalo de Berceo, 21, 29 Vita Dominici Siliensis attributed to Grimaldus, 31, 34, n. 7, 113, 115, 116, 120, 121, 123 n. 3, 124 n. 15 Donatus Vitae gestaque sanctorum by Antonio degli Agli, 226, 232 n. 38 Edward the Confessor, 47, 48, d 16-17, 19, n. 44 La estoire de seintAedward le rei, 54 n. 18, d 7, 10, 11, 15, 17-19, 21, 24, 28, 29 La estoire of Queen Eleanor, 48 Vita s. Edwardi by Ailred of Rievaulx, 48, 54 n. 18, dl8, n. 44 vita by Osbert de Clare, 54 n. 18, 55 n. 44 Facundo (Madrid, Biblioteca de la Real Academia de la Historia, Cod. 9), 34 n. 12 Froilân, by Deacon Juan, 94, 97 Géraud of Moissac, by Bernard, 132 Juliana, 191 Ladislas, 88 n. 22 Loukas Stiris, 171 Margaret of Antioch, 180, 181 in Golden Legend, 179 Passio Sanctae Margaritae seu Marinae, 180 by Hrabanus Maurus, 180 Maurin, 149 n. 62 Millân de la Cogolla, 23, 34 n. 8 Translatio et miracula sancti Emiliani, by Fernandus, 21, 33 n. 4, n. 5 Vida de San Millân by Gonzalo de Berceo, 21, 24, 33 n. 4, n. 5, 35 n. 18 Vita sancti Emiliani by Braulio of Saragossa, 24, 34 n. 15 Oria and Amunia Poema de Santa Oria, by Gonzalo de Berceo, 27 Pedro de Osma Vita sancti Petri Oxomensis episcopi, 28, 29, 32, 36 n. 26, n. 28 Pontius, 157, 158 Passio Pondi, 151-53, 157, 159, 160, 161 n. 8, n. 14, n. 16 vita, attributed to Valerius, 151, 159, 161 n.7 Rosendo, 95 Liber de vita et virtutibus santissimi Rudesindi episcopi / Vita et miracoli Sancte Rudesindi, by monks Este-ban and Ordono of Celanova, 27, 29, 31, 35 n. 23, 94, 102 Vita Rudesindi (Lisbon, National Library MS Illu-minado 184), 34 n. 12 Thomas Becket, Miracula sancti Thomae Cantuariensis, 40 Vita sanctae Thomae by John of Salisbury, 51 Vicente, Cristeta, and Sabina of Avila, 72 n. 21 Passio Vincentii, Sabinae et Christetae, 57-59, 64, 70 n. 2, 72 n. 24 Vitores, saint, 193 Walter of Colchester, 41 William of Canterbury, 41 wine, 7, 21, 30, 31 witness, 46, 50, 52, 153-55, 157, 159 women, 11, 12, 186, 188 n. 1 and Augustine, 5, 8, 9 brides, 180 childbirth, 179, 182, 185 healers, 167, 175 literacy of, 27 martyrs, 6, 8 preachers, 175 pregnancy, 180-82, 186 sequestration, 186 sirens, xxiii, 119, 120, 122, 126 n. 57, 127 n. 70 slaves, 182 violence toward, 14, 184 see also audience, female; blood; saints, female worship, see devotion, popular; liturgy; ritual Yermo, monastery of Santa Maria, 207 Zamora, 98 Atilano, Bishop of, saint, 93, 94, 98, 100, 103, 108 n. 53 Cathedral of, 198 La Magdalena, church of, tomb, 68, 205 San Pedro y San Ildefonso, church of, 98, 100, 103 Zenobius, saint, 227 252 INDEX |
