| Volltext: | Index Page references to illustrations are in italic. Abbey, E. A., 99 Addison, Joseph, 35, 54 Akron (Ohio) Metropolitan Parks System, 124 Alcott, A. Bronson, 71 Alcott, Louisa May, 71 Allen, David, 96 Allinger, Gustav, 227 Der deutsche Garten (The German Garden), 54 Alphand, A., 26 amateur gardeners, 134, 153 American Civic Association, 145 American Park and Outdoor Art Association, 123 American Society of Landscape Architects, 117, 123 Amsterdam (Netherlands) Boschplan, 162 Sarphatipark, 158 Amsterdam Development Plan, 162 Amsterdamse Woningraad, 162 Andersen, Hans Christian, 23 Andritzky, Michael, 239 Anhalt, Prince Leopold Friedrich Franz von, 38 Anthroposophie Society, 47, 52 anti-Semitism, 202 Aoki, T., 244 Arbeiders Jeugd Centrale (Central Laborers Youth Club, Netherlands), 161, 180 Arnold Arboretum, 28 art and nature, 71, 76, 79, 248, 249 Arts and Crafts movement, 108, 133, 142, 239 Attiret. Sec Jesuits, in China automobile, impact of. See wild gardens Babeuf, François-Noël, 37 "back-to-the-land" movement, 104 Garzau, garden, 38 Bacon, Francis, 124 "Of Gardens" 86 Bailey, L. H. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, 119, 121 Balmori, Diane, 133 Barbizon school, painters, 98 Barth, Erwin, 225, 226, 227 Beautifying Association (England), 184 bedding system, 2, 85 Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp Memorial, 212 Bergfeld, Rudolf, 204, 207, 217, 242, 243 Der Natu formgarten (Hie Nature-Form Garden), 52 Bergmans, John, 184 Bergson, Henri, 30 theory of "vital spirit" (élan vital), 30 Berkelmann, R., 217 Berlage, H. P., 162 Beveridge, Charles, 120 Bijhouwer, J. T. P., 164, 165, 167, 170, 172, 174, 184 billboards, 138 "Bin so ausgeworfen aus dem Garten der Natur": Texte und Bilder einer Sehnsucht ( "Been thrown out of the Garden of Nature": Texts and Pictures of a Yearning), 54 biological réveil, 159 biologically dynamic agriculture, 47, 53 Birmingham (Alabama), city plan, 117 Bismarck memorial (Bookholzberg), 215, 216 Blanchan, Neltje. See Doubleday, Nellie Bleeker, G., 181 Bloemendaal, 181 Blomfield, Reginald Hie Formal Garden in England, 3, 5, 45 Bölsche, Jochen, 57 Bölsche, Wilhelm, 51 267 INDEX Goethe im 20. Jahrhundert, 50 Stirb und Werde] (Die and Become), 50 bonsai, 24—26, 28, 33 seen as tortured nature, 26 Bonseis, Waldemar, 47 Borchardt, Rudolf Der leidenschaftliche Gärtner (The Passionate Gardener), 54 Bormann, Martin, 210 Bos, A.W., 163 Boschplan (Amsterdam), 162, 163, 166-68 Bospark. See Boschplan (Amsterdam) Boston (Massachusetts) Back Bay, 79 Fens, 9, 257, 258, 259 Metropolitan Park System, 117 Riverway, 9, 257, 258, 259 botanical gardens Hortus (Leiden), 183 Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam), 164, 183 Hortus De Wolf (Haren), 183 botany, 23 bourgeois garden culture, 1. See also middle-class garden culture Brainerd, Eleonor Hoyt, 145 Brandt, Gudmund Nyeland, 240, 242, 243, 246 Broerse, C. P., 181 Browers, Clement Clay, Rhododendrons and Azaleas, 238 Brown, Brenda, 255 Brown, Simon, 64 New England Farmer, 63 Buchwald, Konrad, 228 Buckely, Arabella, 100 Burgess, J. T. Old English Wild Flowers, 89 burial sites, 194, 194-95, 197, 202, 203, 205. See also war grave groves Burnham, David H., 114 Burroughs, John, 136, 150 Cabrai, Francisco C., 256 Canton, 26 Capra, Fritjof Wendezeit (The Turning Point), 54 Carelsen, Geertruida, 169, 172, 183 cemeteries, 187—219 Central Park (NewYork). See Olmsted, Frederick Law Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 51 Chambers, Sir William, 23, 24 Charlemagne, 211 Charles Kingsley, 96 Chicago, 78 Columbus Park, 9, 257, 258 Chicago School, architects, 68 children's books Of Butterflies, Birds, and Flowers, 159 China architecture, 26 art, 29, 30 foot binding, 27 gardens in contrast to Japanese, 27 garden of Xu Hongji, Duke ofWeiguo, 21 imperial, 7 rocks, rock work, 22, 23, 24, 26 seen as perverse, 24 western ideas about, 21—33 "Chinese Method of Dwarfing Trees" 25 Cicero, 21, 260 City Beautiful Movement, 115 clearings, in natural garden design, 197 Cleveland, Graver, 147 Cleveland, Henry Russell, 62, 65 Cleveland, Horace William Shaler, 7, 59—80, 60 The Aesthetic Development of the United Cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis, 62, 79 Eastwood Cemetery, 79 Highland Park (Illinois), 79 Landscape Architecture as Applied to the Wants of the West, 78 "Landscape Gardening" 71 Minnehaha Falls, 80 Social Life and Literature Fifty Years Ago, 62 Cleveland, Ralph, 79 Cleveland, Richard, 61 Cole, Thomas, 114 College of Agriculture (Berlin), 199 Colonial Dames of America, 146 Concord (Massachusetts), 59, 62, 63, 65, 72, 75, 78 Lyceum, 64 Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, 7, 60, 71-80, 72—75, 77 Concord Cemetery Committee, 71 Conder, Joseph Landscape Gardening in Japan, 242, 243, 245 conservation, 154, 219. See also nature preservation Copeland, Robert Morris, 60, 63, 64, 70-73, 76, 78, 79 268 INDEX Corner, James, 250 Corot, Jean-Baptiste, 98 Correvon, Henry, 157, 179 Cottage Gardening, 83 council rings, in natural garden design, 197 countryside, 82, 92 as artificial creation, 107 versus city, 82 Cowan, Michael, 76 Cox, Peter Alfred Dwarf Rhododendrons, 237 The Larger Species of Rhododendron, 237 creationist biology, 13 Croly, Herbert, 115 Crome, John, 99 Crowe, Sylvia, 256 Dahl, J., 238 Darré, Walter, 53 Darwin, Charles, 8, 23, 158 Hitler's use of, 11 natural science, 92—96 Origin of Species, 16, 92, 123 "struggle for existence" 11, 15 theory of natural selection, 11, 14, 15, 95 Variation of Animals and Plants, 92 Darwinism, 95, 96, 102 Daubigny, E C., 98 design principles appropriateness, 68, 70 artificial, dislike of, 68, 69, 71 essential rightness, 68, 250 fitness, 68 Deutsche Gartenbau-Gesellschaft (German Horticulture Association), 225, 227 Deutsche Gotterkenntnis (German Cognition of God), 202, 204, 210 Deutscher Werkbund (German Werkbund), 239 Das Deutschvolk, 204 Deutschvolk-Gemeinde (German Peoples Parish), 190, 201, 210 De Wint, Peter, 98 Dial, 66 Diaz de la Pena, Narcisse, 98 Die Strasse, 53 Doernach, R., and Heidi, G. Biohaus für Dorf und Stadt, 55 Dolobran (near Philadelphia) wild garden, 118, 123 Doubleday, Nellie, 134, 138, 139, 144, 145 Downing, Andrew Jackson, 63, 70, 114, 133 Druse, Ken Tire Naturalist's Garden, 46 Dublin (Ireland) National Botanic Garden, 83 Durand, Asher B., 119 dwarf trees. See bonsai Earle, C.W., 111 Eastwood Cemetery, 79 Eaton, Walter Prichard, 145 ecological aesthetic, 59 ecological design, 250 ecological movements, 4, 8, 155, 223, 250 ecological nature gardens, 57 ecological parks, 185 ecology, 139, 249, 250, 253, 256 as authority for landscape design, 256, 257 Edenic narratives, 252 Eeden, F. W van Hortus Batavus, A Short Description of Native and Exotic Plants, Shrubs, and Trees, Which May Be Recommended for Dutch Gardens, 167 Weeds: Botanical Journeys, 158, 176 Eesteren, Cor van, 164 élan vital. See Bergson, Henri Eliot, Charles, 69, 117, 121 Eliot, George, 82 Emerson, Edward W, 72 Emerson, George Barrell, 61 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 7, 59-67, 60, 74, 78, 113, 119, 136 aesthetic principles, 60, 75, 76, 78, 79, 252 "Art" 65 "Beauty" 65 English Traits, 65 "Nature" 67 organic principle, 67, 78 social responsibility, 71 theories of the useful and the beautiful, 64 England agricultural depression, 86 estates Brockhurst, 108 Crowsley, 108 Longleat, 108 Tew Park, 108 Wisley, 108 garden, 46, 47 garden culture, 81 imperialism, 29, 91 landscape garden, 1, 165 269 INDEX Enlightenment, 37, 41 Ermenonville, 37 Rousseau's gravesite, 37, 56 Ernouf, Le Baron, and Alphand, A., 27 L'Art des jardins ... ,26 Ernst, Ruth Shaw The Naturalist's Garden: How to Garden with Plants That Attract Birds, Butterflies, and Other Wildlife, 46 evolutionary biology, 11, 15, 16, 17 evolutionary theory, 13, 17 exhibitions, 245 Bundesgartenschauen (Federal Garden Exhibitions, Germany), 54 California Midwinter Exposition, San Francisco (1894), 244 Centennial International Exhibition, Philadelphia (1876), 244 Düsseldorf International Exhibition (1904), 242, 243 World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago (1893), 114, 117 exotic plants, 2—3, 14, 15, 90, 103, 122, 128, 237, 240, 259. See also foreign plants exotic species, seen as grotesque, 91, 233, 231 Eyre, Wilson, 241 Fair Lane (Dearborn, Michigan), 120 Fairmount Park (Philadelphia), 244 Falter, Reinhard, 234 Fantin-Latour, H., 98 Ferguson, Adam, 25 Ferreniea, Viki Wildflowers in Your Garden, 46 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 192 Reden an die deutsche Nation (Addresses to the German Nation), 192 Fine Arts Society, London, 104 fir trees, seen as non-native, 234 Fisher, Irving, 69 Frederick Law Olmsted and the City Planning Movement in the United States, 59 Fisher, Mark, 106 Fitzherbert, S. W. The Book of the Wild Garden, 108 Five of Clubs, 62 Fleischlen, Cäsar, 47 flower picking, 137, 138 flowers, artificial, 22 Foerster, Karl, 54 Fokker, J. P., 184 Folwell, William Watts, 61, 62 Ford, Clara, 120 foreign plants rejection of, 3-4, 171, 207, 245, 250 use of, 2—3, 90, 192 formal tree planting Middachter Allee, 166 Forster, E. M. garden in Howard's End, 108—10 Francé, Raoul H., 162 French, Daniel Chester, 71 French Revolution, 41 Friedrich, Caspar David, 52 Froude, James Anthony, 91 Furukawa, S., 244 garden architectural, 244 definition of, 221 Garden City movement, 45, 46, 47 garden design biological-physiognomical, 2 ecological, 2, 250 formal garden design, 1, 114, 146, 165, 200, 228, 229 versus informal, 199, 228 international sources, 241 theory of, 247 garden history, 224 garden nostalgia "old English" garden, 87-88 "old-fashioned" flowers, 88, 143 garden nurseries De Duinvoet, 179 Jardin Alpin, 180 De Teunisbloem, 179 Gardeners' Chronicle, 83 Gardening Illustrated, 83 Geddes, Patrick, 255 Geiger, Carl Ignaz Gustav Wolart, 39 German Cognition of God. See Deutsche Gotterkenntnis German Llorticulture Association. See Deutsche Gartenbau-Gesellschaft German Youth Movement, 162. See also Wandervogel Germany, 155. See also National Socialism, SS end of imperial period, 224, 229, 230 garden design, characteristic of the German people, 187-219 garden sites, 8 270 INDEX German people, German soil, 8, 173, 187-219 Imperial Reich, 198 Landscape Rules (Landschaftsregeln), 218 mythology, idea of Midgart, 201 patriotism, idea of the nation, 192 Reich, foundation of (1871), 193 Reichs Landscape Law, 218 Reichsnaturschutzgesetzgebung (National Nature Conservancy Law), 52 revolution of 1848, 192 search for national identity, 187—219 Weimar Republic, 198, 224 Gessner, Salomon Idyllen, 39 Girardin, Marquis de, 37 Glickson, Arthur, 255 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 7, 35, 38, 39, 42, 43,45-48, 50-52, 54, 57 garden house near Weimar, 42 Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (The Sorrows of Young Werther), 38, 56 Die Wahlerwandtschaften (Elective Affinities), 43 Gorter-ter Pelkwijk, A. J. de, 181 Gothein, Marie Louise Geschichte der Gartenkunst, 30 Gotlieb, Rachel, 30 Gould, Stephen J., 113, 190 government role in roadside design, 138 Gradmann, Eugen Heimatschutz und Landschaftspflege (Homeland Protection and Landscape Cultivation), 48 grafting, 24 Graham, Dorothy Chinese Gardens: Gardens of the Contemporary Scene, an Account of Their Design and Symbolism, 32 Green (environmental) parties, 4, 54 Greenough, Horatio, 59, 61, 62, 64—69, 80 The Travels, Observations, and Experiences of a Yankee Stone Cutter, 65 Grese, Robert, 257 Griswold, Ralph, 120 Gröning, Gert, 19 Grove of the Saxons (Sachsenhain), 187, 189, 190, 197, 210, 211-17 at Verden on the river Aller, 187 Grün kaputt: Landschaft und Gärten der Deutschen (Broken Green: Landscape and Gardens of the Germans), 54, 56 Gustav Meyer Lehrbuch der schönen Gartenkunst (Manual of Beautiful Garden Art), 236 Haeckel, Ernst, 47, 52, 158 Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology of Organisms), 48 Hamburg (Germany) Volkspark, 164 Hannover (Germany), University of, 199, 201 hardy plants, use of, 2, 101 Hardy, Thomas, 82, 100 Harrisburg (Pennsylvania) park system, 117 Harrison, Helen, 255 Harrison, Newton, 255 Harte, Brett, 28 Harvard University, 62, 63 Houghton Library, 72 Hasler, Hans, 199 Deutsche Gartenkunst (The German Art of Gardens), 52, 53, 199 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 62 Heard, Samuel, 108 Hedde, J. C. P. I. Descriptions méthodiques des produits divers recueillis dans un voyage en Chine, 26 heempark, 181, 182 Heimans, Eli, 158, 159, 160 De Heimanshof (Vierhouten, Netherlands), 180 Heimatschutz league, 48, 50, 51, 52 Heldenhaine. See war grave groves Henderson, Charles Picturesque Gardens, 45 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 190, 191 heroes' groves. See war grave groves Hess, Rudolf, 210 Highland Park (Illinois). See Cleveland, Horace William Shaler highways. See roadside plantings Hills, Angus, 255 Himmler, Heinrich, 8, 187, 197, 210, 211, 212, 218 Hirschfeld, Christian Cay Lorenz Theorie der Gartenkunst, 39, 40, 41, 247 Hitler, Adolf, 11, 52, 204, 211, 227 Hodgson, J. E., 98 Hoemann, Reinhold, 242, 243, 245 Hoffmann, A. Der Landschaftsgarten, 42 Hole, Dean S. Reynolds, 111 Hollis, Doug, 255 Holz, Arno, 47 Hopkins, Vivian, 69 Hortus (Leiden), 183 Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam), 164, 183 271 INDEX Hortus De Wolf (Haren) University of Groningen, 183 Hosmer, Charles B.,Jr., 154 Houten, J. M. Wildflowers and the Application in Our Garden, 183 Hubbard, H.V., and Kimball, T. Introduction to the Study of Landscape Design, 31 Hübotter, Wilhelm, 211, 212, 217 Hudson River School, 113, 114, 153 Humboldt, Alexander von, 7, 35, 43, 45-48, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 191, 192, 228-29, 235 Ansichten der Natur (Views of Nature), 43 Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen (Ideas of a Geography of Plants), 43 Ideen zu einer Physiognomik der Gewächse (Ideas on a Physiognomies of Plant Life), 43, 191, 192 Hunt, John Dixon, 260 Huxley, Thomas, 158 ideology of class, 111, 135 and the natural garden, 107, 135, 153, 154, 187-219, 222 imitatio naturae, 35 Indian gardens, 24 indigenous shrubs. See native plants: concepts and use of industrialization, 3, 4, 82, 103, 111, 135 preindustrial landscape, 234 insects, role in balanced ecology, 139 instructive park, 160, 181 International Council of Bird Preservation, 158 International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA), 256 Internationale Kunst- und Große Gartenbauausstellung Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf International Art and Great Horticulture Exhibition). See exhibitions Irving, Washington, 62 Italian gardens, 133 versus wild garden, 145, 154 Jacobins, 37 Jacques, George, 127 James, Henry, 99, 104 Japan, 27 Japanese attitude toward nature, 31 gardens, 27, 29, 31, 242, 243, 244, 245 design, 242 replica built, 242, 243, 244 landscape style, 31 Japonisme, 27, 29 Jaspers, J., Jr., 159 Jefferies, Richard, 82 Jekyll, Gertrude, 28, 110, 111 Home and Garden, 110 Munstead Wood, 108, 110 Wood and Garden, 110 Jellicoe, G. A., 31, 256 Jensen, Jens, 3, 9, 13, 18, 80, 113,120, 197-98, 235, 236, 252-53, 258, 259 Siftings, 2, 3, 4, 12, 14, 258 Jesuits, in China, 21—27, 30 Attiret, Jean-Denis, 22, 23, 24, 27 A Particular Account of the Emperor of China's Gardens near Pekin, 22 Gerbillon, 27 Ricci, Matteo, 21 Jung, Carl, 30 Kant, Immanuel, 54 Kent, William, 35, 54 Kimball, T. See Hubbard, H.V. Kingsley, Charles, 96 Klages, Ludwig "Der Mensch und die Erde"(Man and Earth), 48 Kunick, W. "Versuche zur Wildstaudenansaat" 56 Laar, Henk van, 180 Laarman, E., 183 La Farge, John, 146 Lancaster (Massachusetts), 61, 79 Lancaster School, 61, 62 Landau, Paul, 245 Landow, George, 96, 97 landscape architecture and agriculture, 254 and architecture, 254 and engineering, 254 professional eduction, 224, 254 and science (ecology), 254 students of, 222 landscape art, 70, 79 landscape artists au plein-air, 98 landscape garden. See also Prairie School traditional European, 41, 42, 236 landscape painting, 8, 103, 152 Landscape Rules (Landschaftsregeln). See Germany landscape system, 257 Landwehr, J., 181 Lange, Willy, 3, 4, 23, 48, 50, 52, 165, 172, 173, 272 INDEX 174, 192, 193, 194-96, 198, 199, 204, 206, 207, 223, 232, 234, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246, 247 Gartengestaltung der Neuzeit (Garden Design for Modern Times), 2, 48, 49, 51, 172, 196, 238 Gartenpläne (Garden Plans), 173 Der Garten und seine Bepflanzung (The Garden and Its Planting), 2, 48 impact on Scandinavia and United States, 2 Land- und Gartensiedlungen (Country and Garden Colonies), 48 Nordic nature garden, 52 Lansdowne, Lord, 108 Laren, A.J. van, 164, 169, 170, 171, 172, 183 Lawson, Cecil, 98 Leeuw, W. C. de, 183 Leiden, Governmental Herbarium, 159 Lendholt, Werner, 201, 228 Lenne, Peter Joseph, 42, 44 People's Garden (Magdeburg), 44, 45 Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold Der Waldbruder (The Forest Brother), 41 Le Piastier, Richard, 255 Le Roy, L. G., 222, 223 Natur einschalten—Natur ausschalten (To Switch On Nature—To Switch Off Nature), 4, 222 Lesser, Ludwig, 225, 227 Lewis, Phil, 255 Linnean Society, 92 Linnell, John, 82 literary garden, 71, 80 Liu Dunzhen, 32 Locke, John, 35 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 62, 63, 80 Loudon, J. C„ 23, 25, 27,33 despotism, as check on development of gardening, 25 Encyclopaedia of Gardening, 23—24, 25 gardenesque, 91—92 Lovejoy, A. O. "Some Meaning of'Nature"' 251, 252 Ludendorff, Erich, 190, 201, 202, 204 Ludendorff, Mathilde, 201, 202, 204 Macartney, Lord British embassy to China, 24 Mäding, Erhard, 218 magazines articles on wild gardening, 136 Art in America, 152 Atlantic Monthly, 132, 146, 149 Country Calendar, 143 Country Life in America, 132, 138, 140-41, 146, 148-52, 241 Craftsman Magazine, 132, 141 English Flower Garden, 2 Garden Magazine, 132, 134, 138 Gartenkunst, 201 House and Garden, 132, 137, 140, 241 House Beautiful, 132, 140 Ladies' Home Journal, 131, 132, 144 Landscape Journal, 5 Lippincott's Magazine, 132, 147 Living Nature: Magazine of Nature Sport, 159 Outlook, 123, 132 Scribner's Magazine, 132 Western Plowman, 132 Mallows, C. E., 108 Malte-Brun, Conrad, 23 Manchester, H. H. "Twenty Centuries of Gardening in China" 31 Manning, Jacob and Lydia, 116 Manning, Warren H., 2, 8, 113-30, 115, 255. See also Mather, William Gwinn:"Gwinn" National Plan, 129 Maori people, 17 Marsh, George Perkins Man and Nature, 259 Marsh, George Turner, 244 Marsh, Jan, 104 Marx, Karl, 25, 260 Mather, Stephen, 129 Mather, William Gwinn, 120, 124 Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, 125 "Gwinn" wild garden, 124—30 Mattern, Hermann, 54, 227 McCormick, Cyrus, 117, 118, 120 McCormick, Harriet, 118, 120 McFarland, J. Horace, 123, 124, 145 McHarg, Ian, 250, 255, 257 Design with Nature, 256 McLaren, John, 244 Meadows, Dennis L. The Limits of Growth, 54 Metzger, Charles, 67 Meyer, Gustav Lehrbuch der schönen Gartenkunst (Manual of Beautiful Garden Art), 236 middle-class garden culture, 8, 131, 133, 134, 153 gardeners, 8, 135 Migge, Leberecht Die Gartenkultur des 20. Jahrhunderts (Garden Culture of the Twentieth Century), 46 Miller, G. O. 273 INDEX Landscaping with Native Plants of Texas and the Southwest, 5 Miller, Wilhelm, 113, 122-23, 134, 140, 141, 235, 236 Cyclopedia of Horticulture, 111 The Prairie Spirit in Landscape Gardening, 2 What England Can Teach Us about Gardening, 107 miniature trees. See bonsai Minnehaha Falls. See Cleveland, Horace William Shaler Monism, Monist Society, 47 Montesquieu, 25 monumental style, 165 Mook, Lillie Jacques, 130 Moon, Henry G., 105—6 morality, 135, 144 and nature, 136 Morris, William, 8, 88,90, 91 News from Nowhere, 45 Moser, Justus, 192 Mosse, George, 213 Fallen Soldiers, 213 Muir, John, 7, 136, 150 Mulder, J. H„ 164, 167 Murcutt, Glenn, 255 Muthesius, Hermann Landhaus und Garten (Country House and Garden), 46 Nanjing, 21 nationalism, 3, 8, 13, 47, 93, 113, 139—44, 154 174, 195, 187-219, 253 National Park Service. See United States National Socialism, 8, 11, 19, 52, 145, 198— 219, 224, 253 blood and soil ideology, 187-219 and landscape design, 235 National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), 201, 227 native, definition of, 5 native flora, 138 as national treasure, 136 native plant movement, 5 native plants, 5, 166, 168, 169 communities phytogeographical planting, 164 concepts and use of, 5, 7, 11-19, 140, 142, 212, 217, 253,259 conservation of, 136—39, 153, 238 definition of, 5, 237 ethical reasons for, 18 as expression of nationalism, 139, 142, 146, 153, 171, 174, 232, 245, 253 as expression of traditional values, 139, 142—44, 143 loss of, 137 nativism, use of native plants only, 234 natural gardens, 35, 50, 81, 86, 88, 92, 93, 192. See also wild gardens concept of, 2—9, 231 educational values, 155—85 as therapeutic, 103, 162 use of foreign plants, 2—3, 238 natural history, 157, 158 natural theology, 13, 14, 16 nature, 5—6 as authority for garden design, 249—51, 253, 254 concepts of, 11—19, 71, 76, 81, 133, 156, 221, 249, 251, 252, 254, 260 definition of 5-6, 9, 156, 221, 251, 252, 254 intimacy with, 152, 153, 154 moral significance, 135, 136 part of domestic life, 152 popularization of 158, 159 as therapy, 136 nature gardens, 57, 86, 97, 221, 249. See also natural gardens concepts of, 221—48 nature poetry, 147 nature preservation, 136-39, 157, 158, 181, 183, 184, 237 "nature style" 169 alternate names for, 169 Neckar, Lance, 80 Nes, K. C. van, 184 Netherlands, 4, 7, 8, 155 nature monument, 164 S.D.A.P., socialist democratic party, 155 Society of Garden and Landscape Architects, 164 Newton, Isaac, 42 Niagara Falls, 119 Nicholson, George The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening, 85 Niemeyer-Lüllwitz, A. Arbeitsbuch Naturgarten (Nature Garden Manual), 234 Nordau, M. Entartung (Degeneration), 231 Norton, W. E., 105-6 Novalis, 54 Novotny, Otakar, 3 Olin, Laurie, 257 Olivier, H. A., 106 274 INDEX Olmsted, Frederick, Jr., 117 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 9, 59, 60, 69, 114, 116, 120, 121, 123, 133, 257, 258, 259 Central Park (New York), 18, 257 Olmsted, John Charles, 117 organic aesthetic, 67, 69, 78 Orientalism, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31 Orientalist, 28, 29, 31 OrtlolF, H. Stuart Informal Gardens: The Naturalistic Style, 31 Osbeck, 24 Ottewill, David, 108 Oucoop, A. H. Flaarsma van, 173, 174 Paley, William Natural Theology, 13 Pannekoek, G. J., 170, 172 pantheism, 47, 54 parkland access to, 138 concept of, 138 parks for recreation, 162 Parsons, Alfred, 90, 95, 98-100, 101, 102, 104 illustrator for Robinson, 99-107 Parsons, Beatrice, 106, 107 Pastor, Willy, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 204 Die Erde in der Zeit des Menschen (The Earth in the Time of Man), 197 Aus germanischer Vorzeit (From Germanic Prehistoric Times), 193 Lichtungen (Clearings), 197 Paul, Jean, 54 Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 61, 71 Peets, Elbert, 80 Peking, 7 Pentecost, George F., Jr., 115 Persian gardens, 24 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 61 Peto, H. A., 108 physiocrats, French, 37 phytogeographical plant groupings, 164, 170, 172 picturesque park (Landschaftsgarten), 245 Pilling, C.J., 244 Place of the Ancestors Hilligenloh (Ahnenstätte Hilligenloh), 187, 188, 190, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 Place of the Ancestors Seelenfeld (Ahnenstätte Seelenfeld), 187, 188, 190, 203, 205, 206, 208, 210 places of commemoration, 187—219 plant groupings different schemes, 172 plant material Pre-Raphaelite study of, 103 plant physiognomy, 3, 173, 192 plant sociology, 170, 174 plant species distribution maps, 159 Plato, 18, 54 Piatt, Charles, 114, 115, 123, 125 Pliny, 21 Pniower, Georg Belà, 226, 227 Pollan, Michael, 4 Pope, Alexander, 35, 54 popular garden culture, 8 Potente, Georg, 225 Prairie School/Style, landscape gardening, 4, 8, 80, 141, 235, 236, 258 preservation. See nature preservation private property, 25 Progressive Era, 131, 135, 138 Pückler-Muskau, Hermann von, 42, 47, 199 Andeutungen über Landschaftsgärtnerei, 41 Puritan ethic, 136 race, concept of, 190 racism, racist attitudes, 3, 11, 12, 13, 28,29,52, 91, 144, 145, 174, 187, 190-91, 195, 199, 201, 232, 245, 253 Ranck, Christian Geschichte der Gartenkunst (The History of Gardening), 46 rational design, 25 Regent's Park. See Robinson, William regionalism, 258, 259 Reichsautobahnen, 11, 12, 53 Reichs Landscape Law (Reichslandschaftsgesetz). See Germany Repton, Humphry, 25, 35 revival movements medieval English, 88 rhododendrons as undesirable exotic plant, 236, 237 Ricci, Matteo, 21 Riegl, Alois, 196 Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich, 47 Rigby, Geoff and Bev Colour Your Garden with Australian Natives, 5 Riley, Robert, 255 Roadside Gardening Club (Netherlands), 138 roadside plantings, 137—39, 146 flora (Netherlands), 184 planting program (United States), 138—39 275 INDEX use of native plants (Germany), 12-13 Robinson, William, 1—3, 4, 5, 8, 23, 27, 28, 45, 83-111, 118, 120, 133, 142, 183, 232, 240, 241, 242, 259 Alpine Flowers for Gardens, 83 The English Flower Garden, 2, 27, 83, 241 The Garden, S3, 110 Gleanings from French Gardens, 83 Gravetye Manor, 83—84, 93, 104, 105 The Parks, Promenades, and Gardens of Paris, 83, 85 Regents Park, 83 The Wild Garden, 1-2, 4, 45, 81-108, 87, 108, 142, 240 Rodale All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening, 5 Romanticism, 46, 136, 147—54 Roosevelt, Theodore, 131, 136 Rosenberg, Alfred, 211 Rotterdam (Netherlands) Kralinger Pias, 164 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 7, 35, 36, 38,39,45— 48, 51, 56, 57 influence on definition of "natural" 37 influence on Goethe's Werther, 38 Julie ou la Nouvelle Fléloise fictional Utopia, 36 Royal Botanic Society, 83, 89 Royal College for Gardeners (Berlin). See Royal Horticultural School (Berlin-Dahlem) Royal Horticultural School (Berlin-Dahlem), 2, 199-200, 200 Royal Horticultural Society, 28, 108 RudorfF, Ernst, 47, 48 Ruskin, John, 7, 8, 45, 86, 96, 98 Vital Beauty, 96—97 Ruys, Mien Borders hoe men ze maakt en onderhoudt (Borders: HowTheyAre Created and Maintained ), 184 Het gebruik en de verzorging van vaste planten in onze tuin ( The Use and Care of Perennials in Our Garden), 184 Sanborn, Franklin, 71 Sanssouci, 225 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 134, 259 Sargent, John Singer, 99 Schäfer, Robert, 224 Scharp, H. J., 181 Schiller, Friedrich, 43, 46, 48, 54 Schiphol Airport (Netherlands), 167 Schipper, J. J., 170, 172 Schlaf, Johannes, 47 Schmidt, Eike, 222, 223 Schönauer, G. Zurück zum Leben auf dem Lande (Back to Country Life), 231 Schultze-Naumburg, Paul, 50 Die Entstellung unseres Landes (The Disfigurement of Our Countryside), 48 Gärten (Gardens), 48 Schwarz, U., 223 Der Naturgarten (The Nature Garden), 223, 232, 234, 236 scientific farming, 62—63 scientific garden (for pedagogy). See also botanical gardens De Braak, 181 Zuiderpark (The Hague), 171, 180, 183 Sckell, Friedrich Ludwig von, 42 Beiträge zur bildenden Gartenkunst für angehende Gartenkünstler und Liebhaber (Contributions to an Instructive Garden Art for Incipient Garden Artists and Garden Enthusiasts), 191 Seiberling, Frank and Gertrude, 121, 124 Seifert, Alwin, 3, 53, 54, 199, 228 Semler, Christian August, 9, 239, 247 Ideen zu einer Gartenlogik (Ideas for a Garden Logic), 9, 247, 248 sense impression, 61 Sernander, Rutger, 163 Shaftesbury, Anthony, 35 Sherman, Frederic Fairchild, 152 Sichuan, 28 Sieveking, A. Forbes The Praise of Gardens, 46 Sima Guang "Record of the Garden of Solitary Delight" 30 Simonds, Osian, 80 Sipkes, Cees, 177, 179, 180 Sirén, Osvald, 32 Gardens of China, 32 Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. See Concord (Massachusetts) Smithson, Robert, 255 Smyser, C. A., 14, 16 Snelrewaard, H. O. Linden van, 169, 172 social concerns, 82 social Darwinism, 30 social statement through gardening style, 135, 144, 153-54 Speer, Albert, 227 Spengler, Oswald, 51 Springer, Leonard A., 168, 174, 176, 181 276 INDEX Bibliography of Garden Art, 174 school garden, Haarlem (Netherlands), 177 SS (Schutzstaffel), 187, 210, 211, 218 The Heritage of the Ancestors,endowment, 211 Das Schwarze Korps, weekly, 189 Stein, Charlotte von, 38 Stein, Sara Noah's Garden: Restoring the Ecology of Our Own Backyard, 46 Steiner, Frederick Ecological Design and Planning, 250 Steiner, Rudolf, 54 Grundlinien einer Erkenntnistheorie der Goetheschen Weltanschauung (Foundations for an Epistemology of the Goethean Worldview), 47 Stomps, Th. J., 164 Strzygowski, Josef, 193, 194 Suzhou, 26, 32 Swift, Samuel, 241 Tacitus, 197 Tannenbergbund (Tannenburg League), 190, 201, 202, 204, 205, 210 technology, advances in, 135 Temple, Sir William, 23 Tennyson, Alfred, 88 Tersteeg, D. F., 170 Thijsse, Jacobus Pieter, 8, 155-85, 156 De bloemen in onzen tuin (The Flowers in Our Garden), 160 concern with loss of natural areas, 156 Geillustreerde Flora van Nederland (Illustrated Flora of the Netherlands), 156, 159 Jacobus P. Thijssepark (Amstelveen), 181, 182, 184 regionalism, encouragement of, 184 Thijsse's Hof, 175, 175-80, 176, 178, 179, 184, 185 thingstead, 213, 217 Third Reich, 52. See also National Socialism Thoreau, Henry David, 7, 59, 71, 76, 118,123, 136, 147-151 Tolman, Rienke, 174 Torrey, Bradford, 149 Townsend, Horace, 83 traditional values, 139 Tränkner, C. "Ein Haus aus Holz und Lehm" 55 Transcendentalism, 66, 118 Transcendentalists, 7, 59, 61, 71, 72, 118, 136 the Transcendental artist, 60 Turner, J. M. W, 98 Turrell, James, 255 Tuxedo Park Association, 241 Tüxen, Reinhold, 12 union with nature, 149, 151 Unitarianism, 60, 61 United States class conflict, 144, 146 gardening, American style, 139 immigrants, 135, 144 landscape style, 113, 115, 153 national identity, 135 National Park Service, 117 national values, 135 regionalism, 259 urbanization, 86, 103 Utopia in fiction, wild nature, 36 Veitch, London nurseryman, 28 Vereniging to Behoud van Natuurmonumenten (Dutch National Trust), 157 Verhagen, P. Hetgeluk van der tuin (The Flappiness of the Garden), 170 Vester, Frederic, 231 Verkade albums, 159, 160, 174, 183 Versailles, park, 242 Villa d'Este, 242 Villa Lante (Bagnaia), 246 Virgil, 54 Vitalism, 8, 96, 108, 111 Volkspark, 164 Vries, Hugo de, 159 Wageningen (Netherlands), 183 Wageningen Agricultural University, 173 Wagner, Martin Das sanitäire Grün der Städte (The Sanitary Green of Cities), 46 Waiden (Lake Forest, Illinois), 120 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 86, 93—94 Contribution to the Theory of Natural Selection, 93 Island Life, 94 Wandervogel (Migration Bird), 48, 52, 54,211, 2 1 2 Wandervogel Völkischer Bund, 211 war grave groves (Kriegsgräberhaine), 52 Watson, Hewett, 89 Waugh, Frank A. Everybody's Garden, 46 The Natural Style in Landscape Gardening, 2 Weber, Alfred, 57 277 INDEX Weber, Max, 251 weeds, 14, 15 Westbroek, P., 170 Westelijk Bovenland, 181. See also Thijsee:Jac. P. Thijssepark (Amstelveen) Wethered, H. N. Short History of Gardens, 31 wetlands, 164 Wiepking-Jürgensmann, Heinrich Friedrich, 194, 195, 199, 201, 212, 217, 218, 227, 228 wilderness, 136 wildflowers, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 181, 183 preservation of, 139 wild gardens, 2, 8, 81-111, 113—30, 133, 183. See also natural gardens, nature gardens automobiles, impact of, 137—38 care required, 111 class specific, 145—47 definition of, 119, 133 ideological significance, 109, 113, 133, 153 moral significance, 98, 103, 135, 136 Oakwood, 108 as symbol, 109, 135 wild gardening elitism, 154 for physical and mental health, 150, 151 in popular American magazines, 131-54 for spiritual enlightenment, 150, 153 wildlife, 139 Wille, Bruno, 47 Williams, Raymond Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, 251 Willmott, Ellen, 102, 108 Wilson, G. F., 108 Heatherbank and Oakwood, 109 Wilson, Henry Ernest, 28, 29 Wimmer, Clemens Alexander, 240 Wingfield, Lewis, 27 Wanderings of a Globe Trotter, 27 Wing-tsit Chan, 32 Witt, Reinhard, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241 Naturoase Wildgarten (Nature Oasis Wild Garden), 236 Wolff, Uwe Papa Faust, 56 Wolschke-Bulmahn, J., 18, 96 Woodruffe, Rev. E. A., 96 Wordsworth, William, 147—50 World's Columbian Exposition. See exhibitions Wörlitz, park, 38 Goethe's visit, 38 Rousseau Island, 38 Worringer, W., 196 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 249, 250, 252, 253 Wright, Ken, 255 Wright, Mabel Osgood, 146 Zahn, Fritz, 242, 245 Zouteveen, Hartogh Heys van, 165, 169, 173 Boomen en heesters in parken en tuinen (The Ornamental Garden), 173 De Siertuin (Trees and Shrubs in Parks and Gardens), 173 Zuiderpark (The Hague), 170-71, 180, 183 278 |
