| Volltext: | Index Compiled by Eileen Quam and Theresa Wolner Abstract art: and Documenta III, 164; as modern realism, 182, 190; and modernism, 171-72 Académie des Beaux-Arts (France), 126 Accreditation: of museum educators, 54 Acculturation, 61 Adams, Denis, xiii, 233 Adorno, Theodor: on art museums, 123; on autonomy of art, 137; on collecting, xiv-xv; on industrial production, 138; on modernism, 124; on museum objects, xii, 123, 139, 233 Advertising: as art, 18; and cultural festivals, 279n; and spectacle, xvii; and women's art, 257. See also Marketing Aesthetic biography, 16-18, 21n Aesthetic theory: acceptance of, 52; life as object of, 144 Aesthetics: adaptation of, 85; categories of, as historical, 16; and ethics, 25; over politics, 274; and religion, 25, 35; Soviet, 145; and taste, 12, 55-58, 65n. See also Taste, artistic Age of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, The (exhibition), 269, 278 Alltagsgeschichte, 228, 234, 239, 243, 244 Alte Pinakothek (Munich), 5, 14 Altes Museum (Berlin), 15 Altick, Richard, 212 Amateur cultural entrepreneur: role in Israeli museums, 91-92; in women's art museum, 253-54 American Women Artists, 1830-1930 (exhibit), 259 Anderson, Benedict, 272 Animateurs: training, 54, 64n Annunciation (Hacker): response to, 36 Anthropology: emergence of, 27; museums, xvii. See also Ethnography; Primitivism Antiquities: acquiring, 130, 131; British, 204; in British Museum, 197-218; collections of, 10; as exoticism, 198-99; German, 5; medieval art as, 5; as objects, xi, 6; romantic view of, 10 Applied arts: and modernism, 13, 186, 194n Archaeology: exhibits, 87-88, 89; and modernism, 172; and new museology, 70. See also Primitivism Archaic art. See Primitivism Architecture: and Documenta, 186; metaphor of, 40-41, 48n; and museums, ix, 40-41, 117; neo-Romanesque, 41; of Whitechapel Free Art Gallery, 40-42, 42, 48n. See also Design Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 5 Arnold, Matthew: on culture, 29; in Whitechapel, 34 Art: academic, 31; vs. appreciation, 49, 61; autonomy of, 6, 12-13, 186; contextualizing, 58, 269; "correct" use of, 45n; defined, 151; democratizing, 49, 63; destruction of, 147-48; as elevation, 45n; and emotion, 10; and ethics, 25; first history of, 8; vs. history, 5-8, 9-10, 11, 12, 18, 19n, 27, 266; and industry, 31, 130; international role of, 164; and life, 12; and madness, 166-68, 184; marginal role of, 18; as mystery, 52; and national unity, 6-8, 23, 28; as nonobjective, 148; and personal taste, 287 288 INDEX 61; and pleasure, xii, 10, 12, 128; vs. science, 3, 10-11; and technology, 186; understanding, 12, 28; universality of, 13, 30, 120; and utility, 128; and value, 9, 10, 129; by women, 250-62. See also Aesthetics; Children's art; Degenerate art; Modernism; specific types of art, e.g., Abstract art Art and Race (Schultze-Naumberg). See Kunst und Rasse Art, Architecture and Mysticism (Lethaby), 41 Art Collections of North Rhine Westphalia (Düsseldorf), 14 Art education, 26, 28-30, 43n, 45n, 74; by art museums, 49-63 Art Gallery (Manchester), 14 Art history: as academic, 12; as dialogue, 198; vs. education in art museums, 53; and gender issues, 252; knowledge of, 12, 57; as scientific discipline, 8, 19n Art market. See Marketing Art museums, xvi-xvii, 49-63; as alternative space, 62; American, 49-50; and cultural literacy, 49-63; and decontextualization, 123; educational policies, 49-63; as entertainment, 63; European, 49-50; vs. galleries, 50; and hegemonic capitalism, 123; history of, xvi-xvii, 3-5; as ideal, 116; as life draining, 123; mission of, 49-63; myths of, 55, 56; need for small, 39; outreach by, 53, 58-60; professionalization of, 12, 49, 53-55; publics, 49-63, 129; reform of, 12, 92, 123; and standards of value, 49, 56, 129; study of, 56-58; success of, 58, 62; vs. totalitarianism, 144-61; types of, 50. Art Museums and the German People (Lauffer), 9 Artifacts: as antiquities, 6; vs. art, xii, 6, 12, 74; and cultural diplomacy, 269; and instruction, xii; and modernism, xvii; tribal cultural, xvii Arts and crafts movement: in Victorian Britain, 41, 42; and Whitechapel Gallery architecture, 41, 42, 48n Ashbee, C. R.: and art education, 45n Assyrian objects: artistic renderings of, 212-13; in British Museum, 197-218; commodification of, 215-16; display of, 204-5, 208, 210-12; popular success of, 212; representations of, 216-17; temporal organization of, 210; theatrical representation of, 213-15 Athenaeum: on Assyrian objects in British Museum, 210-11, 217 Atlee, Clement, 45n Attar, Haim, 94, 109n Audience. See Public; Public reception Aura, 135-39, 253; decline of, 137-38; and perception, 137 Authenticity: and history museums, 92; of objects, xi, 51, 92, 152; and preservation practices, 90; and scholarship, 16 Autonomy: of art, 12-13, 16, 90, 137, 170, 176, 185, 186, 189; of art museums, 3, 64n; of minorities, 106; of sculpture, 179; and universality, 13 Avant-garde: antibourgeois attitudes of, 176; on art of past, 147-48; on death, 151; and Documenta, 166; on industrial production, 150-51; international, 179, 285; on life, 148, 151; vs. museums, 145-53; and realism, 156-58; Soviet, 144-53, 156, 157-58, 160, 161 Azcarraga, Emilio, 269 Barnett, Samuel and Henrietta: and art appreciation, 22-45 passim, 45n; on education, 28-29; idealism, 43; and religion, 34-35; and social reform, 23, 27, 30, 33, 40, 44, 45n; on women as philanthropists, 46n Basque Museum of Bayonne (France), 68 Bauhaus school, 186 Baumeister, Willi, 184, 185 Beaubourg. See Centre Pompidou Beckmann, Max, 173 Befreier und Befreite (Sander), 228 Beit Gidi museum (Jaffa), 93 Benjamin, Andrew: on aura, 138 Benjamin, Walter: on aura, 137-38; on collecting, xiv, xv, 135, 138, 142n; on critical discourse of museums, xviii; on dialectical image, 166; on history, 125, 135, 136, 197, 244; on materialism and commodification, 136, 138, 139; on mechanical reproduction, 124, 135, 136— 37, 189; on value of art, 136 Bennett, Tony, 44 INDEX 289 Berger, John, 173; on museums, 123, 124 Berlin Akademie der Künste (Germany), 8 Berlin, Berlin (exhibition), 237-38, 238, 243, 243 Besucherschule (Bock): and Documenta, 172 Beuys, Joseph, 18 Beveridge, William, 43-44, 45n Bezalel museum (Jerusalem), 86, 97-98, 99; as art museum, 90; founding of, 93, 95, 98; as public space, 93, 95 Bhabha, Homi, 244-45 Bibliothèque Nationale, 121n Bildtierei der Geisteskranken (Prinzhorn), 166-67 Birch, Samuel: and British Museum, 206, 222n Blaue Reiter, Der (Kandinsky and Marc), 169, 171 Bloch, Marc, 69, 70 Bock, Bazon, 172 Bode, Arnold: and Documenta, 163, 164, 185, 186, 194n Boisserée collection, 5, 6 Borzello, Frances: on Whitechapel exhibitions, 23-24, 36, 45n, 47n Botta, Paul-Émile, 201, 203 Bourdieu, Pierre: on art museum publics, 56-57, 58; on habitus, 56; on history of museums, xvi; social analysis by, 55-57, 58, 60 Bourgeoisie: cultural authority of, 44; and impressionism, 153; and working class, 24-25, 43 Boutiques: as model for museums, 117 Breker, Arno, 235 Bridge of Life, The (Crane): response to, 39 British Museum (London), 26, 36, 202, 197-218; Antiquities Gallery, 203-4, 207, 220n; and conflict, 218; as Enlightenment institution, 201; and Mesopotamian artifacts, 201; modes of display in, 200, 204-5, 208, 210-12; Nimrud Room, 204; Nineveh Gallery, 207, 208; prestige of, 201; temporal organization in, 210; and working class, 201-3 Broodthaers, Marcel, xv, 139 Brooklyn Museum, 62 Brown, Paula: on audience studies, 51 Buchloh, Benjamin H. D.: and modernism, 184 Bundesgartenschau: and Documenta, 163 Buren, Daniel, x, xv, xvi Byron, Lord, 213 Calais (France): museum in, 116 Canning, Stratford: and British Museum, 203 Capitalism: and museums, 119, 123-24. See also Commodification; Marketing; Materialism Carlyle, Thomas: and Whitechapel exhibitions and gallery, 32-33, 41 Catalogs, exhibition. See Exhibition catalogs Categorization. See Classification Censorship, 102, 266 Center for Integration of the Heritage of Eastern Jewry (Israel), 101 Centre Pompidou (Paris): criticism of, 58, 59; as mass entertainment, 58; public response to, 66; visitors to, 59, 63 Ceremonial space. See Sanctuary Children's art: and modernism, 168-69, 193n Christianity, 86; art of, 114 City Museum (Osnabrück), 224, 225, 239, 240, 241 Civil Administration of the Occupied Territories (Israel): and Palestinian art, 103 Class: and cultural deprivation, 60-61, 65n; and gender, 261; ideology, xvii; and national culture, 23; and signifying processes, xiii; and Soviet art, 144-61. See also Bourgeoisie; Working class Classicism: as official art of national socialism, 170, 171. See also Neoclassicism Classification: and categorization, xi; and display, xi-xii; by ecomuseums, 78; and history, x; institutionalized, x-xi; temporal, 199-200, 211 Clifford, James, xvii Collecting: condemnation of, 129, 131, 139; as core concept of museums, xvi, xvii; as cultural practice, xiv; and history, x; ideology of, xvi, xvii; and uselessness of objects, xiv. See also Objects 290 INDEX Collective memory: and ecomuseums in France, 73, 77; in Israeli society, 88, 99 Colonialism: artifacts, xvii; critical studies, xiii; discourse of, 280n; in Indonesia, 280n; and modernism, 168-69 Commerce: and museum as showcase in France, 117-19; Quatremère de Quincy on, 130-32 Commission on Ethnographical Heritage (France), 77 Commodification: and French museums, 118-19, 123-39; and modern museums, 123-24; and reproductions, xvii; and Whitechapel exhibition responses, 37-38. See also Capitalism; Marketing; Materialism Commodity fetishism, 134-39; defined, 134. See also Fetishism Communication: and ecomuseums, 76, 78 Communism: banned in Federal Republic of Germany, 177; cultural legitimacy of, 155; and socialist realism, 157; Soviet, 145, 147, 155; and totalitarianism, 147 Community: assumptions about, xii; as context, xi, xii; and ecomuseums, 66, 71, 72, 75, 78-79, 80; and heritage, 71, 75; interpretive, xiii; legitimation of museums in, xviii. See also Public Conceptual art: and Documenta 5, 164 Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, 116 Consideyations morales sur la destination des ouvrages de l'art (Quatremère), 126-30, 131-32, 134 Conside'rations sur les arts du dessin (Quatremère), 126, 128 Constructivism: and modernism, 185; Russian, 149 Consumerism. See Capitalism; Commodification; Materialism Context: and classification, xi-xii; and critical analysis, xiv Cook, E. T.: on Ruskin, 45-46n; and Whitechapel exhibitions, 45n Coombes, Annie, xvi Cooper, Frederick: on Assyrian artifacts in British Museum, 213, 215, 217 Cornelia Lumsden Archive, the, xv Corporate sponsorship of art, 277-78, 280-8 In Crane, Walter: mosaic for Whitechapel Gallery, 41, 42, 48n; response to, 39 Creativity: and madness, 166-68; and destruction, 149; psychology and psychopathology of, 167 Crimp, Douglas: on artistic practice, xv; on Benjamin, 142n; on Documenta 5, 139; on ideology of collecting and display, xvii Critical discourse, ix-xix, 123-39; antimuseum, 124; and museums, 232 Crow, Thomas, xii Cultural difference, 189, 198 Cultural diplomacy: and international exhibitions, 265-79 Cultural festivals: and national identity, 265, 266-69, 272, 274-79. See also International exhibitions Cultural heritage: Communist rejection of, 155; and ecomuseums, 67, 71, 73, 75, 77, 78; and French museums, 113; and international exhibitions, 265-79; and Israeli assimilation, 103-6; preservation of, 88 Cultural identity. See National identity Cultural legitimacy: as role of museums, 74; and spectacle, xvii Cultural literacy, 49-63 Cultural politics. See under Politics Cultural values: as critical discourse, x; and ecomuseums in France, 79 Culture: and class, 23-25, 29, 43-44; and education, 60-61; Lenin on, 154-55; Marxism on, 153; vs. nature, 10-11; and politics, 250-51; and power, 55; and social advantage, 61; and spectacle, xvii; Stalinist views of, 155-56 Curators: of ecomuseums in France, 75; vs. educators in art museums, 53, 54 David, Jacques-Louis, 133 De la Blache, Vidal, 79 De Montebello, Philippe: 266, 268, 269 De Varine-Bohan, Hugues, 67, 72, 82n Debord, Guy: on spectacle, xviii Degania (Israel), 97 Degenerate art: campaign against, 165; and Nazi art politics, 13- 16, 17, 20n Degenerate Art exhibition (1937), 165-86, 180, 237; and antibourgeois resentment, 175; as antimodernist, 165-66, 169, 172, 175, 178, 179, 185, 186; arrangement of, 179; counterexhibition to, 165-67, INDEX 291 170, 178, 179; reception of, 165. See also Documenta Democratization: and art museums, 49-50, 53, 59, 60, 63, 74; and schools, 54-55 Department stores: as analogous to museums in France, 116-19; and capitalism, 119 Design: and Documenta, 185-87; and modernism, 185-86; of museums, 117— 18. See also Architecture Deucalion (Ruskin), 26 Deutsches Historisches Museum (West Berlin), 9, 242 DiMaggio, Paul, xvi, 51 Diplomacy, cultural. See Cultural diplomacy Display: and classification, xi-xii; as core concept of museums, xvii, 123; and cultural appropriation, xiii; and emotion, 128; of fascism, 234-47, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243; as funerary site, xii-xiii; and gender, xv-xvi, 224-26, 225; ideology of, xvii; and representation, 198, 266-67, 271-72; and spectacle, xviii; and subject positions, 100. See also Exhibition culture Distinction (Bourdieu), 55 Dix, Otto, 15, 178 Docents, 29, 46n, 257-58 Dock strikes (London, 1889), 39-40, 47n Documenta, xviii, 163-92; and architecture and design, 186; and avant-garde, 166; challenges to, 185; continuity of, 163, 164; founders of, 173, 175, 182; and respectability, 173, 175. See also Degenerate Art exhibition Documenta I (1955), 163, 165, 171, 172, 174, 181; catalog, 170, 173; contemporaries of, 175; as counterexhibition, 165-67, 170, 178, 179; depoliticization of, 178; image of, 173, 175; Jewish contribution to, 177; and modernism, 163, 165, 169-70, 172, 173, 176-87 passim; openings, 175; organizers of, 166, 170, 173, 175, 176, 180, 182; photo poster wall, 166, 170, 171, 172-73, 174, 178-79, 187, 189, 193- 94n; and photography, 173, 187, 189; as retrospective, 163 Documenta II (1959): and abstraction, 190; advertisement for, 170; on art since World War II, 163; and modern realism, 182, 190 Documenta III (1964): on contemporary art, 163-64; and modernism, 172 Documenta 4 (1968): and architecture, 186; and modernism, 172; and pop art, 164; preparations for, 164, 172 Documenta 5 (1972): Broodthaers at, 139; and conceptual art, 164; and design, 186; and modernism, 184-85; and photography, 187 Documenta 6 (1977), 164, 186; and photography, 187 Documenta 7 (1982), 164, 186 Documenta 8 (1987), 164, 186; and postmodernism, 187 Documenta 9 (1992), 164 Donors: vs. public, 55; subsidies to, 60 Dufayel department store: as extension of Louvre, 118 Duff-Gordon, Lucie, 200 Duncan, Carol, xvi, 34, 38 Dürer, Albrecht, 5, 7, 14, 19n East Germany. See German Democratic Republic Eclecticism: and modernism, 171 Ecomuseum of the Nord-Dauphiné (France), 73; local identity exhibits, 75 Ecomuseums, 66-81; and collective memory, 73, 77; and communication of culture, 75, 76, 78; and cultural development, 79; and cultural identity, 71-72, 73, 75-81; curators in, 75; debate over, 67, 74-77; defined, 66, 70-74, 78, 82n, 83n; development of, 71; genesis of, 68-70, 80; and heritage, 67, 71, 73, 75, 77, 78; popularity of, 73; public of, 75, 77, 78, 80; purpose of, 66, 71, 79, 80-81; as spectacle, 80, 83n; and technology, 76-77; and tourism, 73, 80 Education: and acculturation, 61; reform and social theory, 60; and subject vs. pupil, 54. See also Art education Edwards, Passmore: and Whitechapel Gallery, 41, 48n Elitism: accusations of, 45; and democratization, 49; of European art museums, 58. See also High art Engravings: of Louvre works, 137, 142n 292 INDEX Enlightenment: and British Museum, 201; ideals, 68, 115; and truth, 148-49 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, xv Epistemic structures, x-xiii; presence in, 199 Ernst, Max, 173; on art and madness, 168 Ethics: and aesthetics, 25. See also Cultural values; Morality Ethnography: and ecomuseums in France, 68, 69, 79, 80; and modernism, 169; museums, xvii. See also Anthropology Etzel (underground movement in Israel), 93, 106 Exhibition catalogs, 120; differences among, 47n; for Whitechapel exhibitions, 30-34, 47n Exhibition culture, ix, xv-xvi. See also Display; Fabricated exhibits; International exhibitions Exoticism, 197-218; and antiquity, 198-99; and modernism, 169, 172; and otherness, 197, 217; as process of representation, 197, 198; as spectacle, xviii, 283 Fabricated exhibits: in Israeli history museums, 92-93 Fascism: aesthetics of, 234; in contemporary museums, 234-37; feminization of in German history museums, 223-47; and museum policy, 69; and racism, 11. See also National socialism Federal Republic of Germany: communism banned in, 177; cultural politics of, 177; denazification of, 227; historical museums in, 9, 16, 20n; modernism in, xviii, 177, 182 Fedorov-Davydov, A.: and Soviet museum administration, 155 Feininger, Lyonel, 172 Feminism, xv, 250. See also Gender; National Museum of Women in the Arts; Women Festival of India (1985-86), 267-69 Festival of Indonesia (1990-92), 266, 269, 274-77, 280-81n Festivals, cultural. See Cultural festivals Fetishism: in German museum displays, 224-25, 225, 240-41, 244, 247, 249n. See also Commodity fetishism Fine arts: access to, 56; as mass entertainment, 58; as universal language, 13 5000 Jahre moderner Kunst oder (Goldscheider), 171, 194n Folklore museums: in France, 68-69; in Israel, 102; publics of, 57-58. See also Primitivism; Rural culture museums Forever (Schmalz): response to, 37 Forster, Georg, 10 Forster-Hahn, Françoise, xvi Foster, Hal, xvii Foucault, Michel: and classification, xiv; on genealogy, 124; linguistic model of, xi; on Utopias, 232-33 Fox, W. J., 202 France, xvi, xvii, 4, 66-81, 113-21, 283; art museums in, 54, 56, 58-60, 121n; cultural heritage of, 67; ecomuseums in, 66-81; iconoclasm in, 4; museum as metaphor in, 113-21; regional development in, 71 Frankfurt school: and critique of museums, xiv French Revolution: and art museums, 3; and critical discourse, x; and German national history, 3; and museums, 113, 115, 116 Frenkel, Vera: on absence of women from art, xv Freud, Sigmund, 247 Freundlich, Otto: and modernism, 177 Friche, V.: on artistic styles and social groups, 153 Fridericianum. See Museum Fridericianum Friedänder, Saul, 246 Funding: for art museums, 52-53, 60, 64n; and audience research, 52-53, 64n; and marketing, 64n; for women's art museum, 258-60, 261 Futurists: and modernism, 173; Russian, 147 Gall, Lothar, 16 Galleries: vs. art museums, 50 Gamzu, Haim, 90-91 Gautier, Théophile, 200 Geisteskranker als Künstler, Ein (Morganthaler), 167 Gender: critical studies of, xiii; and discourse model, xv-xvi, 224-33; and INDEX 293 display, 224-26, 225, 239-47; and museum audiences, xviii; and politics, 262; and signifying processes, xiii, 231; and subjectivity, xviii. See also Feminism; Women Genealogy, 124-25 General Security Services (Israel), 108 Genie, Irrsinn und Ruhm (Lang-Eichbaum), 168 Getiio e Follia (Lombroso), 168 Gerd Rosen Gallery (West Berlin): French painting exhibition, 166 German Democratic Republic: communism in, 227; historical museums in, 8-9 German Historical Museum. See Deutsches Historisches Museum (West Berlin) German Revolution of 1848, 19n Germanic National Museum. See Germanisches Nationalmuseum Germanisches Nationalmuseum (Nuremberg): as art museum, 12; founding of, 6, 7; as historical museum, 6-8; history of, 19n Germany, 3-18, 163-92, 223-47; art museums in, xiii, xvii, 3-18; democracy in, 15; feminization of fascism in, 223- 47; history museums in, 5-12, 223-47; modernism in, xiii, xviii, 12-16, 163-92; national history of, xiii, xvi, xvii, 3-18. See also Federal Republic of Germany; German Democratic Republic; Nazi Germany Gestapo: headquarters as exhibition space, 236 Girton, John: on Whitechapel exhibitions, 34-35 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 5, 7; on German art and antiquity, 6 Goldman, Shifra, 278 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 18 Gottlieb, Maurycy, 100 Grand-Cateret, John, 113 Grant, Clara: on Whitechapel exhibitions, 38, 39 Great Britain. See British Museum; Victorian Britain Great German Art Exhibition (Germany), 13 Grosse, Julius, 3, 4 Guerrilla Girls: on absence of women artists in museum culture, xv Guggenheim Museum (New York), 52 Guichard, Olivier, 71 Guild and School of Handicraft (East London), 45n Guild Museum (Walkley), 26, 45-46n Haacke, Hans, xv Habermas, Jürgen: on German history, 226; on public sphere, 129, 135 Habitus, 56, 59, 60; defined, 56 Haftmann, Werner: and Documenta, 164, 184 Haganah Museum (Israel), 96 Hamilton, William: on Assyrian collection, 204; vase collection in British Museum, 201 Hanita (Israel): local museum as public space in, 88-89 Haraway, Donna, 244, 249n; on tribal cultural artifacts, xvii Harris, Neil: on museums, xvi Hebrew University, 86 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: and art history, 8; and critique of museums, xiv Heimatmuseums: of Nazi Germany, 69, 70 Heinich, Nathalie, 59, 63 Heidt, Werner: on modernism vs. madness, 166-67, 168 Heritage. See Cultural heritage Heterotopias, 232-33 High art: as class issue, 261; and popular culture, 46n Hillemacher, E., 114 Historical museums. See History museums Historicism: and collecting, xv; pessimism of, 126; vs. reality in Soviet society, 144-61 Historikerstreit, 226, 227 Historisches Museum Frankfurt (Germany), 20n History: vs. art, 5-8, 9-10, 11, 12, 18, 19n, 27, 266; and cultural politics, xvi; fictitious, xii, 18; German views of, 226-28; and learning, xii, 9, 10; multiplicity of, xvii; of museums, ix, x; and reason, 10; and time, 197 History museums: and construction of past, 85-89, 93-99, 104; and 294 INDEX ecomuseum, 66; French, 7; German, 6-18, 224-47; history of, xvii; Israeli, xviii, 85-108; and the "museal" 233; omissions in, 11-12; and private space, 86-99; public of, 51; purpose of, 88 Holladay, Wilhelmina: and National Museum of Women in the Arts, 251-61 passim; on women's art, 251 Holocaust: memorial in Israel, 86, 91, 97, 98-99, 108 Holy Temple (Israel): diorama of, 92 Horsfall, Т. С., 41, 46n Howitt's Journal, 202, 202 Hunt, Holman, 47n Hunter's Museum, The (periodical), 114 Illustrated London News, 208, 209, 214; on antiquarianism, 210; on British Museum, 206-11, 213-18; on fine arts, 206, 207; as middle-class cultural record, 206, 207 Imperialism, 271 Impressionism, 153 India! Art and Culture 1300-1900 (exhibition), 268 "Individual Mythologies": as Documenta 5 slogan, 164, 184-85 Individuality: vs. disability, 167-68, 184; and Documenta I, 173; and modernism, 173, 176 Industrial Design and the Other Graphics (1964), 186 Industrial production: vs. art, 31, 130, 150-51; as artistic style, 150-53; commodity character of, 138 Insanity: and modern art, 166-69, 173, 176, 177, 184 International Council of Museums (ICOM): and ecomuseums in France, 67, 71, 72 International exhibitions: and cultural diplomacy, 265-79; as propaganda, 279; stereotyping in, 271. See also Cultural festivals Intifada (Palestinian insurrection), 102, 107 Irgun (underground group in Israel), 88, 106 Israel, 85-108, 109n; art museums in, 90, 109n; cultural assimilation in, 103-6; historical museums and national identity in, xviii, 85-108, 109n; Israeli-Arab conflict, 86; Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 87, 101; nationalist ideology in, 105 Issel, Georg Wilhelm: on German museums, 5-6 Italy: national art museum in, 14 Jabotinsky House (Israel), 95-96, 104-5 Jameson, Fredric, 125, 131-33, 140n Janin, Jules: on flâneur, 117; on printed museum, 115 Jerusalem, 86 Jewish Diaspora Museum (Tel Aviv), 100, 103-4 Jones, G. S., 24 Jordanova, Ludmilla, xi, 247, 249n Journals. See Periodicals Judaism: and German modernism, 177; historic and geographic space of, 85, 88-89, 93-96, 100-101, 103-6, 109n; in Victorian Britain, 43 July Monarchy (France): and museums, 117, 118 Kandinsky, Wassily, 152, 162n; on modernism, 169, 182, 183, 184 Kant, Immanuel, 151 Kean, Charles, 213-15, 217 Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig, 15, 173, 174 Kneeler/Kniende (Lehmbruck): and Documenta I, 179-80, 180, 181 Kohl, Helmut, 9 Kolleck, Teddy, 86 Koonz, Claudia, 244 Kramer, Hilton, 63, 65n Kugler, Franz: and art history, 19n; on German national museum, 8-9, 20n; on Versailles museum, 7-8 Kunst Afrikas, Die (Schmalenbach), 179 Kunst und Rasse (Schultze-Naumberg), 168, 187, 188 Kunsthalle (Hamburg), 20n La Couture-Boussey (France): museum in 113 Lang, Jack: on ecomuseums, 73 Langbehn, Julius, 193n Lang-Eichbaum, Wilhelm, 168 Lauffer, Otto, 9-11 Layard, Austen Henry: archaeological finds by, 201-16 passim; on Assyrian INDEX 295 artifacts, 211-12, 221n; on British Museum, 20 Le Coeur, Charles: on morality and museums, 120 Le Creusot-Montceau-les-Mines (France): ecomuseum of, 71 Lebrun, Jean-Baptiste-Pierre, 117; and Louvre, 132, 133 Leering, Jean: and Documenta 4 preparations, 164, 172 Lehi (underground organization in Israel), 106 Lehmbruck, Wilhelm: and Documenta I, 179, 180, 181 Leisure activities: and cultural background, 59; education and time for, 61; skills in, 65n Lenbachhaus (Munich), 18 Leninism, 157; and proletarian culture, 154, 155 Lenoir, Alexandre, 127 Leroi-Gourhan, André: and French archaeology, 70 Lethaby, William, 41, 48n Lettres à Miranda sur le déplacement des monuments de l'Art de l'Italie (Quatremère), 126, 127, 130, 131 Lewinski, Erich, 177 Libraries, 23; vs. museum, 116 Lichtwark, Alfred, 12, 13, 20n Likud party, 88, 96, 99 Lochner, Stephan, 4-5 Lombroso, Cesare: on genius and madness, 168 Lord's Day Observance Society (Britain), 35 Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, 62 Louvre museum. See Musée du Louvre Lubbock, John: on anthropology, 27 Lumley, Robert, 40-41 Magasin Chariuarique (periodical), 116 Magasins: as museums in France, 116-19 Magnum (journal): and Documenta images, 182, Î83, 191, 190, 192 Mairot, Philippe: on ecoinuseums, 73, 75 Male Fantasies (Theweleit), 246 Malevich, Kasimir, 147-49 Malraux, André: on reproductions, 137, 189 Manual of Art History (Kugler), 8 Marc, Franz, 17, 169 Marketing: of art, 130-37; and audience research, 64n; of spectacle, xvii. See also Advertising; Commodification Marshall, T. H., 60 Marxism: and aesthetics, 153; and critical analysis, xiii; and critique of museums, xiv, xviii; and materialism, 125, 131-35, 138, 157; and proletarian culture, 154, 155 Mass media, 13; and cultural studies, xvii; museums in, ix, 58, 120; and representations of Israel, 107. See also Periodicals; Press Materialism: analysis of, xiii-xv, 130-37; art production as, 125, 130, 138; historical xv. Sec also Capitalism; Commodification Maurice, F. D., 33 Meaning: and objects, xii, xiii, 80, 135 Media. See Mass media; Periodicals; Press Mensch und Form unserer Zeit (exhibition, 1952), 185 Messer, Thomas, 52 Metaphor: of museum architecture, 40; museum as, 113-21, 123 Mexico: A Work of Art (festival), 265, 266, 272 Mexico: Splendors of Thirty Centuries (exhibition), 166, 269, 272-74 Ministry of Culture (France), 54 Ministry of Culture (Soviet Union), 160 Ministry of Education (Israel), 92, 101 Ministry of the Environment (France): and ecomuseums, 71 Minoan art: and modernism, 172 Mistral, Frédéric, 68, 69 Mitterrand, François, 72 Modern art. See Modernism Modern Painters (Ruskin), 25 Modernism, 163-92; as antibourgeois, 175-76; and artifacts, xvii; and continuity, 171; and critique of museums, 124; German, xiii, xviii, 12-16, 163-92; international, 165; and madness, 166-69, 184; and past art, 170- 72; reception of, 165, 172; sources of, 168-72; and subjective freedom, 178-79; vs. traditional values, 176. See also Documenta I; Postmodernism 296 INDEX Montague House. See British Museum Morality: and art, 128; museums as site of in France, 119-20; and portraits, 120. See also Ethics Morris, William, 45n, 48n Moulin, Raymonde, 135 Mural movement: Mexican, 274 Murillo, Bartolome Esteban, 114 Museal: defined, xii, 233 Musée archéologique (periodical), 115, 121n Musée chrétien (periodical), 114, 121n Musée comique (periodical), 114, 121n Musée d'Art et d'Histoire (Geneva), 14 Musée de l'histoire, de la nature et des arts (periodical), 114, 121n Musée de l'Homme (Pans), 67, 72 Musée des Arts et Traditions Populaires. See National Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions Musée des dames et des demoiselles (periodical), 114, 121n Musée des deux-mondes (periodical), 114, 121n Musée des enfants (periodical), 114, 121n Musée des familles (periodical), 115, 121n Musée des Monuments Francais (France), 127 Musée des tailleurs (periodical), 115, 121n Musée d'Orsay (Paris), 66 Musée du Louvre (Paris), 64, 66, 116, 117; arrangement of paintings in, 68; debates provoked by, 132; and department store, 118; engraved reproductions of works in, 137, 142n; and marketplace, 132-33; Mesopotamian artifacts, 201; objects as commodities in, 119; and segregation of collections, 116 Musée du peuple, 120 Musée parisien (periodical), 114, 121n Musée Philipon (periodical), 114, 121n Musée pour tous, album hebdomadaire de l'art contemporain (periodical), 114, 121n Museo-buses: as outreach in France, 54 Museo di Roma (Italy), 69 Museography: defined, 68; in France, 68, 69 Museology, 67, 70 Museon Arlaten (Aries), 68 Museum for the Heritage of Babylonian Jewry (Israel), 105 Museum Fridericianum: architecture and design of, 185-86; and Documenta I, 163, 166, 171, 174 Museum fur deutsche Geschichte (East Berlin): founding of, 8; as historical museum, 8-9; history of, 20n Museum journals. See Printed museums Museum of Ethnography (Paris), 68 Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), 52; and consumption space, 256 Museum of German History. See Museum fur deutsche Geschichte Museum of Man. See Musée de l'Homme Museum of Natural History (Paris), 116 Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions. See National Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions Music halls, 23, 25 Myths: in art and society, 16, 55-56 Napoleonic Wars, 4 National Center for Scientific Research (France): and ecomuseums, 79-80 National Collection of Fine Arts (Washington, D.C.), 49 National Gallery (London), 26, 28, 36 National identity: and art museums, 3-5, 14-16; and class, 23; and cultural representations, 265; and museums, ix, xi, xviii, 232; plurality of, xiii, 4. See also Cultural festivals; Historical museums; International exhibitions National Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions (Paris): founding, 67; and new museology, 70, 80; and outdoor museums, 68; and rural history, 69 National Museum of Women in the Arts (Washington, D.C.), 250-62, 255, 262- 64nn; aesthetic standards of, 252; constituency of, 250, 257-58; consultants to, 254; and consumption, 256-57; controversy about, 250, 252-53, 261, 262; costume exhibits, 258; and feminism, 251, 262; financing for, 256, 259; fund-raising, 251, 258-60; as marketing phenomenon, 260; purpose of, 251, 260, 261; volunteers, 257-58 National Peasant Corporation (France), 69, 70 National Portrait Gallery (London), 33, 47n INDEX 297 National socialism (Germany): antimodernist ideology of, 165-66, 168-73 passim, 176-81 passim, 185; and anti-Semitism, 177; policy toward art, 13, 15, 170; and political art, 178, 179; propaganda, 175, 178; and Stalinism, 178. See also Fascism Natural history museums, xvii; publics of, 51 Naturalism, 156, 170 Nature: art as separate from, 12; vs. culture, 10-11; and history, x, 12 Nazi Germany, 223-47; art politics of, 13-16, 17, 20n; homeland museums of, 69. See also Degenerate art Near East: and Western art, 198 Neoclassicism, 126. See also Classicism Neue Pinakothek (Munich), 14 Neue Sachlichkeit (Germany), 15, 17 Neue Wilden, 184 New functionalism. See Neue Sachlichkeit New Museum of Contemporary Art (New York), 62 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 176 Nimrud Room. See British Museum Nineveh and Its Remains (Layard), 211-12, 212 Nora, Pierre, 73 Objectivity: of amateur enthusiasts, 92; of museums, xi, xii. See also Subjectivity Objects: authenticity of, xi, 92, 152; as commodities, 118-19, 131; and context, xi-xii, xiii, 58, 70, 73; cultural ownership of, 29; deprived of life, 123; fabricated, 92-93; function of, xiv-xv, 69; influence of, 198; meaning of, xii, xiii, xiv, 80, 135; orientation to, 11; as signifiers, ix, xii, xiii; value of, xi; and viewers, 128, 198. See also Collecting Occupied Territories (Israel): museums in, 101, 109n; Palestinians in, 101-3, 108 October Revolution (Russia); and institutional fate of museums, 144 One Hundred Day Museum, 189-90. See also Documenta I Orientalism: and colonialism, 280n; dialogue on, 218n; as political fiction, 271 Orientalism (Said), 265, 271, 280n Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man, The (Lubbock), 27 Orpheus (Solomon), 36 Otherness: of East Londoners, 28; and exoticism, 197, 217; and historical museums, 106; of Jews, 93, 105-6; of objects, xii, xvii; of Palestinians, 101-3; of women, 106; of working class, 27-28, 32 Outdoor museums, 68-69, 80 Painting. See specific type or school of painting Palazzo Reale (Milan): Picasso exhibition in, 163 Palestine: British Mandate (1948), 87; Hebrew settlement, 93; and Jerusalem, 87 Palestinians: as others of Israeli society, 101-3, 108 Pantheon (Paris), 126 Paper Museum (Ambert, France), 70 Paris International Exposition (France, 1937), 69 Park museums. See Outdoor museums Past and Present (Carlyle), 41 Paz, Octavio: on Mexico, 272, 273, 274 Peel, Robert, 203 Performing arts: publics of, 50-51 Periodicals: as printed museums in France, 113-17, 319-21; reproductions in, 114, 206-8, 208, 209, 216 Photography, 136; and Documenta, 173, 187-90, 188; of imaginary museum, 189; and modernism, 184, 187-90 Photorealism: and modernism, 184, 189 Plekhanov, G., 153 Pluralism, xiii Politics: and culture, xvi, 25-30, 250-51; and gender, 262; institutional, x; of museums, ix, x, xvi Pommier, Édouard, xvi; on Quatremère, 127, 132, 141n Pop art: and Documenta 4, 164; and modernism, 164, 184 Popular culture, 46n, 50, 74 Portraits: and morality, 120 Positivism, 12; object-oriented, 11 Posner, Helaine: and National Museum of Women in the Arts, 254 298 INDEX Postmodernism: emergence of, 186-87; and multiculturalism, 63 Power relations, xviii Pre-Raphaelites, 33 Presence: in museums, 199-200, 217; and visual dialogue, 199, 218n Presentation. See Display Preservation: of artistic monuments, 148; and ideology of museums, xvi, 106-7; intervention in, 96-97; and Israeli history museums, 85, 89-99, 106-7; and modernism, 182; Russian avant-garde on, 147-48 Press, 119; and museum in France, 113- 17, 119 Primitivism: artifacts, xvii; and exoticism, 197; and modernism, 168-73, 178, 184; problematics of displaying, xiii, 63; and working class, 27. See also Folklore museums; Tribal cultural artifacts Printed museums: French periodicals as, 113-17, 119-21 Prinzhorn, Hans: on imagery by lunatics, 166-67, 168 Private space: intervention in by historical museums, 96-99. See also Public space Production: of art, 130, 138, 152-53; industrial, and artists, 150-51. See also Industrial production Professionalization: and art museums, 49, 53-55; of women's art museum, 254 Proletarian culture: in Soviet society, 154, 155. See also Working class Propaganda: and production, 151; in Soviet society, 151, 159 Prussian Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Germany), 8 Public: attitudes toward, ix, 52; bourgeois, 11; cultural aspirations of, 45; and cultural patrimony, xvii-xviii; vs. donors, 55; and institutional practices/politics, ix-xii; narrowness of, 129; perception by, 57; social characteristics of, 50, 51, 57; studies on, 50-51, 52-53, 56-58, 64n; subjectivity of, xii, 58. Sec also Community; Public reception Public reception, x, xii, xiv; of British Museum antiquities, 201-8, 212, 215; and institutional practices, x, xi Public space: defined, 88; in Israel, 86-89, 103; vs. private space, 86. See also Private space Punch: parodies in, 32 Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine- Chrysotome, xviii, 123-39; and art theory, 126, 137; on collecting, 129; on commerce, 131, 133, 134; as critic of art museums, 123-39; on materialism and commodification, 125, 130-39; on morality, 138; and neoclassicism, 126; politics of, 126, 127; on Rome, 127; on value of art, 129-30, 132, 135-36, 142n Querrien, Max: on ecomuseums, 72-73, 77 Race, xiii Racism, 11, 13 Radice, Anne-Imelda, 254 Raphael, 114 Raphaël, Freddy, 77 Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke: and British Museum, 203 Realism: modernism as, in Documenta II, 182, 190; and Russian avant-garde, 156— 57. See also Photorealism; Socialist realism; Surrealism Reception. See Public reception Reflections of Nazism (Friedander), 246 Refuge: museums as, xvi. See also Sanctuary Regionalism: and ecomuseums in France, 68-69, 79, 80 Reise Nach Wien, Die (Reitz and Kluge), 245 Reitz, Edgar, 245 Religion: and aesthetics, 25, 35; in historical museums, 87; in Mexico exhibition, 273; and secular boundaries, 34. See also Secularization Reni, Guido, 114 Representation: and critical discourse, x; and exoticism, 197-203; of past, 107-8; and presentation, 198; to Russian avant-garde, 148, 150, 152, 157 Reproductions, xvii, 17, 218n; mechanical, 124, 135, 136-37 Rethel, Alfred, 16 Revisionist movement (Israel), 104-5, 108 INDEX 299 Revolution. See French Revolution; October Revolution Ritual: as basis for value of art, 136; museums and, xvi, 34. See also Sanctuary Rivière, Georges-Henri: and ecomuseums in France, 67, 70-72, 78-80; and outdoor museums, 68 Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 149 Romanticism: and antiquities, 10; German, 6 Rome: as natural museum, 127, 132 Roncayolo, Marcel, 71 Royal Academy of Architecture (France), 115 Royal Academy of Arts (London): exhibition catalogs, 47n Rural culture museums: and ecomuseums in France, 69, 73 Ruskin, John: on art and culture, 23; on education, 26, 28-29; on museums, 26, 45-46n; on poetry and politics of sight, 25-30; as Pre-Raphaelite, 33; and Whitechapel exhibition catalogs, 31 Russia. See Soviet Union Said, Edward, 265, 271 St. Jude's Picture Exhibitions. See Whitechapel Picture Exhibitions and Gallery Sanctuary: museums as, xvi, 6, 34, 38, 52, 57, 74. See also Refuge; Ritual Sander, Heike, 228, 230 Sardanapalus (Byron), 213 Saturday Review: on Whitechapel Gallery, 41 Schmalenbach, Werner: on African art, 179 Schönheit aus der Hand, Schönheit aus der Maschine (exhibition, 1958), 185 Schultze-Naumberg, Paul, 168, 187-90, 188 Science: vs. art, 3, 6, 10-11; museums, 51 Sculpture of Indonesia (exhibition), 276 Secularization: of European culture, 148; in Victorian Britain, 34. See also Religion Sedlmayer, Hans: on modernism, 184 Seeing: and education, 28-29; politics of, 25-30; Ruskin on, 25-27 Settlement movement: in East London, 23, 27-43 passim, 45n, 48n. See also Toynbee Hall Shatz, Boris, 97-98, 99 Shklovsky, Viktor, 148, 161n Shrine of Art (Ein Harod): as art museum, 90, 94; and Jewish history, 94, 95 Silverman, Kaja, 224 Sleep and Death (Watts), 37 Smirke, Sydney: and British Museum, 204, 216, 220n Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C.), 49 Social reform: and culture, 24; in Victorian Britain, 23-24, 27, 30, 32, 33, 39-40, 43-44, 45n Socialism: and industrial production, 153; monuments of, 145 Socialist museums: and proletarian education, 146 Socialist realism: and artistic heritage, 156, 158; and artistic representation, 157; and avant-garde, 157-58; totalitarian, 160. See also Stalinist ideology Soviet Paradise (exhibition), 237, 239, 239 Soviet Union: art museums in, xviii, 144- 61; artistic heritage in, 155; collective exhibitions in, 159; mass art in, 158; reform in, 18 Spectacle: of cultural display, xvii, xviii Spivak, Gayatri, 231 Staatsgalerie (Stuttgart), 14 Stalinist ideology, xviii; and socialist realism, 147, 152, 154, 155, 156-57, 159, 161, 178 Stein, Baron von, 5 Stern Gang (underground group in Israel), 88, 106 Stevens, Wallace, 197 Stones of Venice (Ruskin), 25 Stylization: and Documenta I, 173; and modernism, 173, 184, 189; universality of, 189 Subjectivity, xiii, 17; and formal freedom of modern art, 178-79; and gender, xviii; of public, xii, 58. See also Objectivity Suger, Abbot: architecture of, 57 Surrealism: and madness, 168 Szeemann, Harald: and Documenta 5, 164, 184 300 INDEX Tacitus, 4 Tanen, Ted M. G., 268, 275-76, 278 Tarabukin, N., 149-51, 152 Taste, artistic: as cultural capital, 55-58, 65n; as personal, 61. See also Aesthetics Tatlin, Vladimir, 149, 152, 153 Taxes: and art museum funding, 53, 60 Taylor, Joshua, 49 Technology: and ecomuseums, 76-77; in historical museums, 86 Tel Aviv Art Museum (Israel), 90, 91, 109n Temples. See Sanctuary Thames Wharf, A (Wyllie), 32 Theweleit, Klaus, 246 Time, Death, and Judgment (Watts), 33-34 Titian, 16, 114 Totalitarianism: vs. art museums, 144-61; and fascism, 226; and visual space for display of art, 144-61 Tourism: and cultural diplomacy, 270, 277 Tower of David Museum of the History ofjerusalem (Israel), 85, 86-87 Townsend, Charles Harrison: and Whitechapel Gallery, 41, 48n Toynbee Hall (East London): and arts support in Victorian Britain, 25, 29-44 passim; founding of, 23; moral aesthetics, 32, 33; and Whitechapel exhibition catalogs, 31-34. See also Settlement movement Treasures of King Tutankhamen, The (exhibition), 267, 269 Tribal cultural artifacts, xvii, 63. See also Primitivism Trotsky, Leon, 156 Turkey: The Continuing Magnificence (festival, 1987-88), 266, 269-71, 281n UNESCO: and ecomuseums in France, 67, 80 Union of Soviet Artists, 159 Universal Store, The (periodical), 116 Universality: of art, 30, 120; and autonomy, 13; of Fine arts, 13; of printed museums in France, 115; of stylization, 189; of visual perception, 123 Utopian sites: museums as, 232 Valéry, Paul, 124, 189 Value: discourse of, 125, 129-37; of museum objects, 118-19, 120. See also Commodification Van Gennep, Arnold, 80 Vandalism, 74 Velasquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva, 114 Verlust der Mitte (Sedlmayer), 184 Versailles, Palace of (France): as historical museum, 7, 8, 16 Vichy regime (France), 69, 70 Victorian Britain, 22-45; social reform in, 23-24, 27, 30, 32, 33, 39-40, 43-44, 45n Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth, 132 Vitrines, 117-18 Von Aufsess, Baron Hans: and German national museum, 6, 7, 19n Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich, 6 Waiting to Cross (Moore), 37 Walker's Art Gallery (Liverpool), 14 Wallach, Alan, xvi Warhol, Andy, 161 Washing the Deck (Bourgain), 36 Watts, George Frederick, 22, 33-34, 47n, 48n Weimar Republic, 244; and modernism, 17; politically engaged art of, 177-78 Werkbund school, 186 West Germany. See Federal Republic of Germany Westmacott, Richard: and British Museum, 204, 216, 220n, 221n, 222n Whitechapel Picture Exhibitions and Gallery (London), 22-45; architecture and design, 41-42, 42, 48n; and class relations, 25, 27-28, 43; exhibition catalogs for, 30-34, 47n; exhibition policies, 43; history of, 23, 44-45; responses to, 34-40, 46n Widow, The (Langee), 33 Witz, Konrad, 14 Wölfflin, Heinrich, 12 Wölfli, Adolf, 167, 184 Women: in culture, xv; as docents, 46n, 257-58; in German museum displays, 239-47; in Israeli history museums, 100- 101; as philanthropists, 46n. See also Feminism; National Museum of Women in the Arts Working class: and British Museum, 201-3, 202; in late-Victorian London, INDEX 301 22-45 passim; as other, 27-28, 32; and social reform, 23-24; and Soviet aesthetics, 145; vs. upper classes, 24-25, 43. See also Proletarian culture Wyllie, W. L., 32 Yad Vashem Memorial to Victims of the Holocaust (Israel), 86, 97, 98-99; establishment of, 98-99 Yom Kippur (Gottlieb), 100 Zeughaus, 8, 12, 20n Zhdanov, A. A., 157 Zionism: histories of, 88, 89; in Israel, 85, 88, 89, 94-95, 99, 104, 108; and Israeli public space, 88; and Jewish identity, 94-95, 104; legitimation of, 105 |
