| Volltext: | INDEX A alto, Alvar, 306 Abstract Expressionism, 437, 459-60, 461-62 Academy of Architecture (Berlin), 50, 57 Academy of Arts (Berlin), 182 Ackerman, Frederick L., 98, 245, 266, 268, 271 action painting, 446-47 Adams, Henry, 196 Adler, Felix, 173 Adler, Friedrich, 133 air shafts, 164—65, 175 Airship Hall, 55 Akazienhof, 87, 142 Aktion, Die (journal), 181, 190 Alexanderplatz, 52, 258 Allaire, James, 161 Allgemeine Elektricitäts- Gesellschaft (AEG), 15,17, 24, 29, 47,48, 50, 51,139,183 Alsenviertel (Königsplatz), 66 Altglienecke housing estate, 477 America: capitalism in, 23; garden city planning movement in, 93-107; German conceptions of, 281-85; leftism in, among artists, 361, 365; metropolises in, compared to Europeans, 490, 493; modernism in, 282, 360; post- World War II, 311; railroads, 18, 311; social reform and architecture in, 245—46; turn- of-the-century conditions, 94; World War I effect on American consciousness, 96-97 American Abstract Artists, 364-65 American Artists' Congress, 362 American Place, An, 358 American Radiator Building (Hood and Fouilhoux), 334 Amerikanismus, 213, 218, 240 Ammann, Othmar Hermann, 45,123, 125, 298-99, 302-9 Andrae, K. Paul, 252 Andre, Carl, 469, 470 Anhalt Station, 57 Anker, Alfons, 258 Anker stone construction, 157 Appalachian Trail, 97, 98 architects: vs. engineers, 49-50, 52, 55, 118-19,237-38; as reformers, in garden city planning movement, 83-84; social conscience of, 427, 429 Architects' Association of Berlin, 134 Architects Collaborative, 404 architecture: as index of cultural climate, 232—34; new (see new architecture) Arco, Graf von, 29 Arensberg, Walter, 204 Armory Show, 203 Arnhold, Eduard, 188 Arnim, Frederick William von, 61 Arnold, Bion J., 38 Arp, Hans, 347 art, human need for, 441—42 art criticism/critics, 472-73 Art Deco, 306, 334-36 Art Front (journal), 361 art informel, 446-47 Artists' Congress, 365 Artists' Union, 361-62 Art Nouveau, 83 "Art of Assemblage, The" Museum of Modern Art exhibition, 1961, 467 art patronage, 357, 358-59, 362, 364 Arts, The (journal), 358 Arts and Crafts Movement, 187, 234 Art Students League, 208 Art Workers' Coalition, 470 Asisi, Yadegar, 432 Association for Art (Berlin), 190 Association of Berlin Artists, 182 Association of Friends of the National Gallery of 1929, 444 Association of the XI, 186 Astoria Pool, 301 Athens Charter, 399 AT&T Building (Johnson), 335 autobahn, 309-10 Automobile Club of America, 124 automobiles, 102, 104, 123—25, 309-10,311,312 avant-garde, 190 B Baader, Johannes, 344 Babij, Ivan, 343 Bach, Elvira, 452 backbuilding, 164 Badur, Frank, 449 Balla, Giacomo, 190 Ballard, William F. R., 275 Bailer, Hinrich, 430, 432 Bailer, Inken, 430, 432 Barclay-Vesey Building (McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin), 334 Barfuss, Inga, 452 Barr, Alfred H., Jr., 360, 460 Bartning, Otto, 253 Baselitz, Georg, 446-47; Big Night Flushed, The, 446; Naked Man, The, 446; observations, 376-77 Battery Park City, 276, 420 Bauer, Catherine, 245, 246, 268; Modern Housing, 268, 271 Bauhaus, 353-54,399, 438 Baumeister, Wille, 442 Baumgarten, Paul, 425 Bauwelt (journal), 238 Bayonne Bridge, 43, 45 Baziotes, William, 462 Beach, Alfred Ely, 118 Beaux-Arts design, 38, 266, 271, 333, 334 Beckmann, Max, 192, 342, 351, 352; Departure, 352; Heü, 354—55; The Night, 352 Begas, Reinhold, 139, 188 Behne, Adolf, 238 Behrendt, Walter Curt, 151, 289, 324 Behrens, Peter, 24, 27, 48, 50, 51, 139-40, 244, 252, 253, 255, 256, 258, 260, 318, 323-24,327 Bel Geddes, Norman, Magic Motorways, 311 Bell, Alexander Graham, 17 Bellamy, Edward, 94 Bellevue palace, 61 Bellows, George, 196, 198, 204 Belmont, August, 118 Belmont Lake, 301 Belt Parkway, 301-2 Berg, Max, 252 Bergson, Henri P., 202 Berlage, Henri P., 320, 322 Berlin; architectural styles, 30-31; art world in, 189-90,192, 341-55, 441—57; compared to New York as center/city, 481—93; in early nineteenth century, 182-83; garden city movement, 139,142; housing in, 22-27, 145-57, 241, 243^15, 256; industrial age in, 50-51, 130-31; inventors, 28-30; liberal bourgeosie vs. conservative aristocracy, 182—83; peripheral location of, 481-82; post-unification, 475-78; post-World War 1,240-41, 341-55; post-World War II, 395-408,441-57; public transport systems, 143,254-55; railroads, 51—55, 131, 136; railroad stations, 51—52; reconstruction of, 406-8; skyscraper debate in, 315-16; suburbs of, 139; as technological metropolis, 13—15, 30-31; Tiergarten, 58-69; turn-of-the-centu-ry conditions in, 84—85; urban planning in, 240-41, 249, 251, 255-56, 395-408,475-78; waterways, 51; Weimar contrasted with, 353-54; Wilhelmine Period, 47—57, 134-39; World War II damage, 220, 395-96. See also East Berlin; West Berlin Berlin: A Critical View, Ugly Realism 20s-70s exhibition (Institute for Contemporary Art, London), 451-52 Berlin Artists Program, 449 Berliner Elekricitäts-Werke, 15,17 Berlinische Boden-Gesellschaft, 141 Berlin-Potsdam Railway, 51 Berlin realism, 446 Berlin Republic, 341-55 Berlin Secession, 187,188-89 Berlin-Spandau Canal, 51, 136 Berlin Wall, 220 Berman, Marshall, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air, 312 Bernoulli, Hans, 86 Bernstein, Carl, 188 Best, George, 123 Bestelmeyer, German, 253, 260 Beuth, Peter, 50 Beuys, Joseph, 449 Biddle, George, 365 Bierbaum, Otto Julius, 187 Billing, Hermann, 253 Bing, Alexander, 98—101 biotechnic society, 231 Birkmire, William H., Skeleton Construction in Building, 332—33 Bismarck Monument, 139 Blackwood, Michael, personal recollections, 367—73 Blankenstein, Hermann, 133,136 Blaue Reiter, 190, 346, 347 Bliss, Lizzie, 357, 360 Block, René, 449 Blum, Otto, 249, 251 BMT subway line, 119 boarding houses, Berlin, 155 Boarding-Palast, 155 Boccioni, Umberto, 190 Bode, Wilhelm von, 134 Boelsche, Wilhelm, 83, 184 Boller, Alfred P., 43 Bolotowsky, Ilya, 365 Bonatz, Karl, 396 Borsig company, 182 Böttcher, Rudolph, 432 Boullée, Etienne-Louis, 488 Bourke-White, Margaret, 362 Bowdin & Webster, 125 Boynton, Captain Billy, 211, 214 Brademas, John, observations, 499 Brahm, Otto, 183 Brandenburg Gate, 61,130,482 Brandt, Andreas, 432,449 Braun, Ferdinand, 29 Brecht, Bertolt, In the City Jungle, 354 Breslau, 244 Breslau exhibition of 1929,238 Breuer, Marcel, 260 bridges, New York, 20,40-45, 119. See also specific bridges Brighton Beach, 222 Brighton Beach Hotel, 213 Brix, Joseph, 249 Brody, Samuel, 276 505 Bronx River Parkway, 125, 298 Bronx-Whitestone Bridge, 45, 302 Broodthaers, Marcel, 451 Brook, Alexander, 359 Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad, 35 Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, 305 Brooklyn Bridge, 20, 40, 56, 121, 207 Brooklyn Bridge Southeast Urban Renewal Plan, 418 Brooklyn Rapid Transit (BRT), 119 Brown, Archibald Manning, 273 Brown, Capability, 72 Brown, Floyd De L., 338 Brown, Norman 0., 467 Bruce, Edward, 362 Brücke, Die, 189-90, 346, 347, 442 Brunner, Arnold W., 117 Büchner, Georg, 89 Buck, Leffert L., 41, 121 Buckout, Isaac C., 36 Building Code of 1853 (Berlin), 146-47 building construction, rationalization of, 235, 237 building materials, Berlin, 133-34 building standards, 167—68, 169 Burckhardt, Jacob, 232, 233 Burgee, John, 414 Bürgin, Victor, 472, 473 Burnham, Daniel H., 113, 318 Büro Berlin, 455 Burr, William H., 43 Burroughs, Bryson, 357 Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 463 Burroughs, William, The Wild Boys, 467 Bush Terminal Company waterfront complex, 34 C Café Bauer, 17 Café des Westens, 181 cafes, Berlin, 61 Cafe Vaterland, 212, 220 Cage, John, 463, 464 Cahill, Holger, 364 Camera Notes (journal), 201 Camera Work (journal), 201, 206, 207 Camus, Albert, 462 capitalism, 23, 81, 84 carfloat terminals, 34, 35 Caro, Nikodem, 30 Carr, J. Gordon, 306 Carrâ, Carlo, 190, 344 Carrère & Hastings, 41, 123 Carstenn, J. A. W., 139 Cassatt, Alexander, 38 Cassirer, Bruno, 188 Cassirer, Paul, 188 Cassirer Salon, 184, 188 Castelli, Luciano, 452 Castelli Gallery, 464 Cawdery, William, 214 CBS Building (Saarinen), 336, 414 Cedar Tavern, 460, 462 cellar dwellings, 160-61, 167 centralized housekeeping (Berlin), 155 Central Park, 70-79, 195, 482 Central Park Conservancy, 79 Central Park Zoo, 309 Chagall, Marc, 343 Chandler, Charles F., 169 Charity Organization Society (COS), 171, 174 Charlottenburg, 405—6 Charlottenburger Chausee, 61 Charlottenburg housing complex, 150 Charlottenburg Technische Hochschule, 29 Chase, Stuart, 97 Chase, Willam Merritt, 195, 196 Chelsea-Gansevoort piers, 33 Chicago School, 282 Children's Aid Society, 98 Cholera Epidemic of 1849, 160, 165 Chruxin, Christian, 447 Chrysler Building (van Alen), 335, 336, 338-39 Chrystie-Forsyth Houses, 271 churches, in West Berlin reconstruction, 424—25 Churchill, Henry S., 275 Circle, the (Berlin), 61 Citicorp Building (Stubbins), 335 cities: as collages/montages, 482, 485; as centers, 481; monumental and vertical architecture of, 487-88; public recreation and entertainment in, 211—22; as symbols, 231 Citizens' Association of New York, 167 Citizens' Committee on Lower Manhattan Redevelopment, 417 Città Nuova, 315 City and South London Railway, 38 City and Suburban Homes Company, 98,174 City Housing Corporation (CHC), 99-107 City Planning Exhibition (Berlin), 86 city plazas (Hegemann and Peet), 289, 290 Civil Servants' Housing Association, 151 Clarke, Gilmore D., 125, 298, 301 classical modernity, 407 Club, The (New York), 460, 462 Coady, Robert, 206 Coleman, Glenn, 359 Collective Plan, 395-96 Columbus Circle, 414 Communist Party, U.S., 361, 365 community ideology, 84, 88—89 Competition for the Development of a Basic Plan for the Construction of Greater Berlin, 142—43, 249, 251 conceptualist art, 470 concrete, 24 Coney Island, 211-16, 220, 222 Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), 238 consensus architecture, 420 Consolidated Edison, 15, 17 Consolidation Act of 1882, 170 Constructivism, 343 consumption, vs. production, 437 Continental Corporation (Hanover), 140 Cooper, Alexander, 276 Cooper, Theodore, 43 Corbett, Harvey W., 301 Corbin, Austin, 38 Corso, Gregory, 463 Council of Hygiene and Public Health, 167 Country Club District (Missouri), 94 country house, English, 150 country house colonies, Berlin, 145 Courbet, Gustave, 185 courtyard gardens, Berlin, 141—42, 149 craft tradition, 141 Crane, Hart, 207 Cravan, Arthur, 206 Cremer and Wolffenstein, 134 critical reconstruction concept, Berlin, 406-8 Cross-Bronx Expressway, 312 Croton Aqueduct, 35, 43, 160 Croton Dam, 43 Cubism, 202, 233, 335, 342 Cubo-Expressionism, 342, 343 Cubo-Futurism, 342 culture heroes, 467 D Dadaism, 189, 204, 206, 208, 320, 322, 343-48, 442 Dadasophs, 344 Daimler Benz, Services Center, 477-78 Davies, Arthur Bowen, 200, 203, 357 Davis, Lewis, 276 Davis, Stuart, 357, 359, 361, 362, 364, 365 De Chirico, Giorgio, 344, 345, 347, 445 deeonstruc'tion, 472—73 decoration, elimination of, 320, 322, 323 De Forest, Lee, 27 DeForest, Robert, 175 De Fries, Hans, 284, 285 Dehmel, Richard, 184 De Kooning, Willem, 459, 460-61 Delano & Aidrich, 125 Deleuze, Gilles, 472-73 demolition, vs. renovation, 427, 429 Department of Labor housing report of 1895 (The Housing of Working People), 172-73 Department of Survey and Inspection of Buildings (New York), 167 Derain, André, 345 Derida, Jacques, 472 Design Research, 437-38, 439 Desky, Donald, 306 Deutsche Edison Gesellschaft für angewandte Electricität, 15, 17 Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Förderung des Wohnungsbaues Gemeinnützige Aktiengesellschaft (DE GE WO), 243, 244 Deutsche Werkbund, 150 Dewing, Thomas, 195 Dickstein, Morris, Gates of Eden, 462 Die weisse Stadt housing estate, 243 Dine, Jim, 464, 467 Disehe, Irene, observations, 378—81 disease, housing and, 160 district controls (New York), 414—15 Dix, Otto, 342, 344, 345, 351; Big City Triptych, 354—55; Portrait of the Art Dealer Alfred Flechtheim, 354 Döblin, Alfred, 258; Berlin Alexanderplatz, 482, 485 Doesburg, Theo van, 234 Dolivo-Dobrowolsky, Michael, 29—30 Dondero, G. A., 462 Dornseif, Frank, 455 Dorotheenstadt, 61 Dos Passos, John, Manhattan Transfer, 485 Downing, Andrew Jackson, 72 Downtown Gallery, 358 Downtown Lower Manhattan Association, 417 draft riots, New York, 165-67 Draper, Earl, 94 Dreamland, 211—12, 216, 220 Dreier, Katherine, 359 Dreyer, Paul Uwe, 449 Duchamp, Marcel, 196, 204, 206, 207, 208, 359, 463, 469; Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, 204, 206; Fountain, 207; Large Glass, The, 206; Nude Descending a Staircase, 206 dumbbell tenements, 168—70 Dundy, Elmer S., 214 Dunkel, Wilhelm, 287 Du Pont, Pierre S., 338 Durand-Ruel, Charles, 188 Durch (Berlin literary society), 181 Dutch architecture, 289 Düttmann, Werner, 404 E Earle, Ellis P., 338 earthwork artists, 468 East Berlin: housing in, 401-2, 475, 477; socialist realism in, 396, 399 Eastman, Max, 200 East Village, gentrification of, 416 Ebe and Benda, 134 Eberstadt, Rudolf, 249 Ebert, Wils, 404 Eckartshausen, Karl von, 62 Eckstut, Stanton, 276 Edison, Thomas A., 15, 27, 28-29 Edison General Electric Company, 28 Edison Society, 183 Ehrenbaum, Hans, 190 Ehrenzweig, Anton, The Hidden Order of Art, 469 Eidlitz, Leopold, 117 Eiermann, Egon, 425 Einstein, Albert, 202, 233 Eisenstein, Sergei M., 89 electrification of railroads: Grand Central Station, 38; New York lines, 113, 116, 118; Pennsylvania Station, 40 eleetropolises, 14—20 elevated trains, New York, 19, 118 embellissement theory, 289, 291 Emerson, Peter Henry, 201 Emmerich, Paul, 151, 244, 253 Emperor William Memorial Church, 425, 487-88 Empire State Building, 336, 337-38, 339 End and Böckmann, 134 engineers, vs. architects, 49—50, 52, 55, 118-19, 237-38 English country houses, 150 English garden city planning movement, 83-84, 93-96, 266, 267-68 English garden tradition, 61, 72 English philanthropic housing, 267 Ensor, James, 192 Equitable Building (Graham, Anderson, Probst & White), 320, 323, 334 Equitable Life Assurance Company, 332 Erdmannsdorff, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 130 Eriach, Fischer von, 130 Ernst, Max, 344, 345 Eueders, Marie Elisabeth, 238 Europa-Center, 425, 487 European metropolises, compared to American, 490, 493 Evans-Clark, Phillip, observations, 496-98 existentialism, 461-62 Experiments in Art and Technology, 470-71 Exposition Universelle (Paris, 1889), 186 Expressionism, 189—90, 192,335,342, 343, 346, 347, 348-^9, 351-52 F Fagus Works (Benscheidt shoe last factory), 140 Fahrenkamp, Emil, 244, 260 Fair Lawn, N.J., 101 Falkenberg, 83, 86—91, 142 Falkenberg Festivals, 88-89 Fauvism, 342, 442 Federal Art Project, 362 Federal Theater Project, 364 Fehling, Hermann, 424 Ferdinand, Prince, 61 ferries, New York, 18, 33-34 506 Fetting, Rainer, 451; observations, 500-501; Return of the Giants, 452 Field, Hamilton Easter, 358 Fifth Avenue distric t, 414 Fintelmann, Ferdinand, 62 Fintelmann, Karl Frederick Simon, 62 Fire Island, 301 Fireland (Chausseestrasse), 51 Fischer, Samuel, 183 Five Points (New York), 161 Flagg, Ernest, 124. 173-74, 175,266 Flatiron Building (Burnham), 318, 320 floor area ratios, 413—14 Fluxus movement, 442, 449 Force, Juliana, 358, 362 Ford, Henry, 23, 24, 102, 104, 220, 309 Forest Hills, 96 Form, Die (journal), 238 Förster, Paul, 83 Forster, William W.. 291 Fort Washington Bridge. 45. 123 Fourier, Charles, 267 Frank, Adolf, 29, 30 Frankel, Rudolf, 256 Frankfurt, 244 Frederick I, 59 Frederick II, 61; monument to, 130 Frederick William, Elector, 59 Frederick William I, 59 Frederick William II, 61, 130 Frederick William HI, 62-64, 13J Frederick William IV, 134 Free Theater Association (Berlin), 183-84 Freie Strasse (journal), 347 Frey, Albert, 271, 273 Friedrich, Hugo, The Structure of Modern Poetry, 485 Friedrich Ebert-Siedlung large housing estate, 151 Friedrichshagen circle, 184, 187 Friedrichshain, 131 Friedrichstadt, 61 Friedrichstrasse, 52 Friedrich Wilhelm Strasse (Klingel-höferstrasse), 66 F riends of the South Street Seaport, 418 F ries, Heinrich de, 260 Pritsche, Johannes, observations, 227 Fuller Building. See Flatiron Building Fulton, Robert, 34 Fulton Fish Market, 417, 418 functionalism, 399 Futurism, 202-3, 233, 315, 335, 342, 347 G Gabo, Naum, 343, 449 Galerie Diogenes, 447 Galerie Franz, 444 Gallatin, A. E., 359-60 Gallery (Museum) of Living Art, 359-60 Gallery 291,358 Garden Cities Association of America, 93, 94 garden city movement: Berlin, 139, 142; England, 83-84, 93-96, 266, 267-68; Germany, 81-91; New Jersey, 101-6; New York, 93-94, 96, 98-101, 106-7, 265-76; United States, 93-107 Garden City Zehlendorf, 151 gardens, English-style, 61, 72 Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 358 Gare d'Orsay, 19, 38 Gartenterrassenstadt, 141—42 Gay, Peter, Weimar Culture, 435 GE Building. See RCA Victor Building Gecelli, Johannes, 449 Geddes, Patrick, 98 Geldzahler, Henry, 467 Geliert, Hugo, 361 Gemeinnützige Baugesellschaft Freie Scholle housing estate, 155, 157 Gemeinnützige Heimstätten Aktiengesellschaft (GEHAG), 157, 243, 244 Generalbelsauungsplan (Berlin), 240—41 General Electric Company, 17, 28 gentrification, in New York, 415-17 Gentz, Heinrich, 130 Genzmer, Felix, 249 George Washington Bridge, 45, 123 Gerd Rosen Gallery, 442, 444 German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), 449 German Expressionism, 346 German Garden City Association, 83, 85 German Opera House, 425 Germany: conceptions of America, 281-85; effects of Depression on, 245; garden citv planning movement in, 81-91 Gessner, Albert, 142, 147, 149-50 Gibbs, Kenneth Gurney, Business Architectural Imagery, 333 Giedion, Sigfried, 232-34, 238, 411—12; Mechanization Takes Command, 485; Space, Time, and Architecture, 232-34, 240, 311 Gilbert, Cass, 45, 333 Gilbreth, FYank, 202 Gilly, David, 130 Gilly, FYiedrich, 50 Gilpin, William, 72 Ginsberg, Allen, 463, 467 Ginsbern, Horace, 273 Girke, Raimund, 449 Glackens, William, 197, 198, 200 Gladden, Washington, 94 Gleisdreieck, rail junction at, 52 Godin, Jean Baptiste, 267 Goebbels, Joseph, 442 Goecke, Theodor, 85, 287 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 62 Gogel, Daniel, 424 Goldhammer, Albert, 268 Goodhue, Bertram Grosvenor, 282 Goodman, Paul, Growing Up Absurd, 465-67 Gorky, Arshile, 460 Gosewitz, Ludwig, 449 Gotham Court, 161 Gottlieb, Adolph, 462 Gould, Elgin R. L., 98, 172 Graham, John, 364 Grand Central Depot, 36 Grand Central Parkway, 301-2 Grand Central Station, 19, 36—38, 113-14, 414 Grashorn, Burkhard, observations, 494-95 Grass, Günter, 445 Great Depression, 105-6, 245, 357, 360-61, 362, 364 Greater Berlin Nonprofit Building Cooperative, 86 Greater Berlin Settlement Association, 85 Greater New York Charter of 1897, 170 Greathead, James H., 19 Great Star (Grosser Stern), 59, 61, 482 Greenbelt towns (America), 231 Greenberg, Clement, 461 Greene, George S., Jr., 33, 34 greenhouses, 55 Green Houses (Gessner), 142, 147, 149 Green Party (Berlin), 184 Greenwich Village historic district, 415 Grenander, Alfred, 253, 254 gridiron layout, New York, 161-63, 265 Griscom, John H., 160 Grohmann, Will, 442, 445 Gropius, Walter, 22, 23, 24, 133, 134, 140, 234-35, 237, 238, 246, 353, 404, 438 Grossgörschen 35 artists' cooperative, 449, 451 Grosstadt, Hegemann's belief in, 292 Grosz, George, 320, 322, 342, 343, 344, 347, 348; Eclipse of the Sun and Pillars of Society, 354—55; Republican Automatons, 344 Group 67, 430 Gründerzeit, 183 Grützke, Johannes, 452 Guggenheim, Peggy, 461 Gurlitt, Fritz, art salon of, 188 Guston, Philip, 462 "Gutter Art" speech, of Wilhelm II, 188 H Haac'ke, Hans, The Freedom Fighters Were Here, 471 Hacker, Dieter, 452 Haesler, Otto, 268 Haftmann, Werner, 442 Halbe, Max, 184 Halberstam, David, The Powers That Be, 437 Halpert, Edith, 358 Hamburg, 244 Hamburg Station, 47, 51-52, 57 Hamer, Hardt-Waltherr, 406, 427 Hansaviertel, 66-67, 399, 401, 425, 429 Hansson, Olaf, 184 happenings, 449, 464 Harden, Maximilian, 183 Häring, Hugo, 24, 238, 253, 254, 255, 260, 261 Harlem, gentrification of, 416 Harlem River bridges, 43, 45 Harlem River Houses, 273, 275 Harnisch, Otto, 147, 149 Harrison, Wallace K., 306 Hart, Heinrich, 81, 83, 184 Hart, Julius, 81, 89, 184 Haselhorst large housing estate, 151 Hassam, Childe, 195, 1% Hatfield, Robert G., 36 Hauptstadt Berlin competition, 396, 402 Hausmann, Raoul, 344, 345, 347 Haus Potsdam, 216, 218 Haus Vaterland, 211-13, 216-20 Havestadt & Contag, 249, 251 Haymarket Riot, 94 Heartfield, John, 343, 344, 345, 347 Heckel, Erich, 190, 192 Heckscher State Park, 299 Hefner-Alteneck, Friedrich, 29 Heßige Malerei (Vehement painting) exhibition, 451 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 62 Hegemann, Werner, 146-47, 261, 285—93, 427; American Architecture and Urban Planning, 282; American Vitruvius, 290, 318 Heidelbergplan, 142 Heimann, Emanuel, 85 Heinisch, Barbara, 452 Heinrichs, Georg, 404, 429 Heins & LaF'arge, 118 Heizer, Michael, 469 Hejduk, John, observations, 375 Heidt, Werner: Parade of the Zeroes, 442; View from a Window with Dead Bird, 444 Hellerau, 87 Hellersdorf housing estate, 475 Hell Gate Bridge, 43, 123, 299 Hempstead Lake, 301 Henri, Robert (Robert Henry Cozad), 196, 197-98, 200, 204 Henry Hudson Parkway, 301—2 Henselmann, Hermann, 399 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 62 Herpich building (Leipziger Strasse), 287-88 Herzfelde, Wieland, 343, 347 Hesse, Eva, 469 Heym, Georg, 192 Hielscher/Mügge, 430 High (Aqueduct) Bridge, 43 high-rise cities, mythology and monstrosity of, 315—27 Hilberseimer, Ludwig, 240, 255-56, 316; in Chicago Tribune Competition, 320, 322; Grosstadtarchitektur, 255; skyscraper design theory, 322-27 Hildebrand, Wilhelm, 43 Hille, Peter, 184 Hiller, Kurt, 192 Hillside Homes (Bronx), 268 Hine, Lewis, 198 Hirschfield, Christian Cay Lorenz, 62 historicity, in West Berlin, 423—32 historic preservation, in New York, 414-15 Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, 245, 268 Hither Hills, 301 Hitzig, Friedrich, 134 Hobrecht, James, 56-57, 131, 133, 249 Hobrecht Plan, 145, 147 Höch, Hannah, 344, 345, 442 Hoddis, Jakob van (Hans Davidsohn), 192 Hödicke, Karl-Horst, 451, 452 Hoeppener, Hugo (Fidus), 83 Hofer, Karl, 442, 445 Hoffmann, Franz, 253 Hoffmann, Ludwig, 134, 139, 152, 253, 254 Hofjäger, 61 Hofmann, Albert, 85 Hofmann, August Wilhelm von, 29 Hofmann, Hans, 364 Hofmann, Ludwig von, 186 Hofmann, Werner, 445 Hohenschönhausen housing estate, 475, 477 Hohenzollern Panorama, 55—56 Hohenzollerns, burial vault for, 134 Hohe Warte (journal), 83 Holìeran, Leslie G., 125, 298 Holzbauer, Georg, 260 Hone, Philip, 159 Hönisch, Dieter, 444 Höppener, Hugo (Fidus), 184 Hopper, Edward, 359 Hornbostel, Henry, 43 Hotel am Zoo, 425 housing: in Berlin, 22-27, 145-57, 241, 243^15, 256; in East Berlin, 475, 477; and new architecture, 238; in New York, 159-77, 245-46, 265-76,312,415-17 housing complexes, vs. housing estates, 157 Housing Study Guild, 271, 276 Howard, Ebenezer, 83, 93—96 Howe, George, 271 Hovnck, Rainer, observations, 502 Huckel, Samuel, Jr., 36 Hudson, Henry, 211 507 Hudson River, 18 Hudson River Railroad, 35 Huelsenbeck, Richard, 344, 347 Hufeisensiedlung, 23, 24, 243 Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm, 62, 63 Hutchinson River Parkway, 301-2 Huttenstrasse building (Behrens), 24 Hutton, W illiam R., 43 Huxtable. Ada Louise. 439 I Ihne. Ernst Eberhard von. 134 immigrants, in New York. 171-72. 197 Imperial German Embassv (Leningrad). 140 Impressionism. 188. 346 Independent Subway System (INO). 119 industrial age: architecture of. 47; in Berlin. 50-51, 130-31. 139-40: New York as symbol of. 231. 238 industrialization: and Americanization. 315; influence on new architecture. 238; uses of. in new architecture. 234-37 industrial revolution: in Berlin, 182; first, 13; second, 13-14, 27 Interbau competition, 399 Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT), 118-19 International Building Exposition (IBA) (Berlin), 390. 393. 406-7, 432 Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC), 429 International Exhibition of Modern Art (Armory Show). 203 internationalism. 212-13. 218. 222 International Style. 22. 24. 30. 282; Museum of Modern Art exhibition (1932). 435 Intimate Gallen. 358 inventors: Berlin. 28—30; New York. 27-29 Israel. Jozef. 185 Israel, Richard. 188 Italian architecture. 289 J Jaar, Alfredo, 471-72; A Logo for Americans:, 472; This Is Not America, 472 Jackman, Stephen E., 214 Jacob Riis Park, 301 Jacobs, Charles M., 19 Jacobs, Jane, 386; Death and Life of Great American Cities, 216, 439 Jakobowitz, Georg, 256 Jansen, Hermann, 142. 249: plan of 1910, 477 Jatzow, Paul, 141-42 Jawlensky, Alexev, 190 Jedlicka, Gotthard, 442 Jervis, John B., 35, 43 Jews, in Germany, 183 John Reed Club, 361—62 Johns, Jasper, 463 Johnson, Lester, 465 Johnson, Philip, 245, 246, 268, 414 Jones Beach, 298, 301,310 Jordan, Wilhelm, 187 Journal of the American Institute of Architects (JAIA), 98 Joyce, James, Ulysses, 462 Judd, Donald, 467 Jung, Carl, 462 Jung, Franz, 347 Jungfern Bridge, 48 Justi, Ludwig, 188 K Kahn, Albert, 306 Kaiser, Heinrich, 253 Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (Bode Museum), 134 Kaisergalerie, 129 Kaiser W ilhelm National Memorial. 188 Kallmann & McKinnell, 386 Kampffmever, Bernhard, 81. 83, 89 Kampffmeyer, Hans. 84. 89 Kandinsky. Yassilv. 190 Kant. Immanuel, 62 Kaprow . Allan. 449. 464 Kaufman. Louis G.. 338 Kaulbach. W .. 134 Kaus. Max. 442 Kavserand \ on Groszheim. 134. 155 Keller & Reiner. 188 Kempinski firm. 216, 220 Kendall. Edward H.. 43 Kent, Rockwell. 362 Kent, William, 72 Kerouac. Jack, 463 Kessler, Harry Graf, 183 Kienholz, Edward. 451 Kingsport, Tenn., 94 Kirchner. Ernst Ludwig, 188, 190, 192, 342,347 Kleihues, Josef Paul, 390. 393, 429 Klein, Alexander, 253 Klüver, Billy, 470-71 Knickerbocker Village, 268 Knight. Richard Payne, 72 Knobeisdorff. Georg W enzeslaus von. 61. 130 Knoblauch. Eduard. 134 Koberling. Bernd. 451 Koeber. G.. 66 Koetter. Fred. 393 Kohn. Robert J.. 98. 266. 268 Kohtz. Otto. 252-53 Kokoschka. Oskar. 190. 342. 347. 445 Kollhoff. Hans, 432. 478 Kollwitz, Käthe. 184 Königsplatz. 66, 69, 131 Kraffert. Hans. 253 Kreis, Wilhelm, 260 Kreuzberg, 487-88 Kreuzberg group. 455 Krier, Bob, 430 Kriester, Rainer, 447 Krolfs Restaurant (Berlin), 66, 69 Kronau, Leo, 216, 220 Kropotkin, Piotr, 83 Kuhn, Walt, 203 Kummer, Raimund, 455 Kuniyoshi, Yasuo, 359 Kurfürstendamm, 136, 145 Kyllmann and Heyden, 134 L Lacan, Jacques, 473 Ladies' Mile historic district, 415 La Guardia, Fiorello, 309 laissez-faire, vs. social control, in New York, 159-60 Landauer, Gustav, 81, 184 landfill, in New York, 117 land reform, and garden city planning movement, 84 landscape architecture, 61, 62, 72, 74 Landwehr Canal, 51, 64, 67, 131, 136 Lang, Fritz, 332 Langhans, Carl Gotthard, 61. 130 Lasker-Schüler, Else, 190 Lawson, Ernest, 200 Leary, Timothy, 467 Le Corbusier, 22, 24, 140, 238, 253, 271, 275-76, 291-92, 315. 332, 438-39 Leeuwen, Thomas van, 332 Léger, Fernand, 345 Leistikow, W alter, 184, 186, 187 L'Enfant. Charles, 38.5—86 Lenne, Peter Josef, 51, 57. 62-64, 66-67. 131. 133,249 Le Nôtre. Andre, 72 Leo, Ludwig. 429 Lescaze, W illiam. 271. 273. 306 Letehworth. 87. 94 Lever House. 413 Levittown. 104 Lewishamstrasse housing complex. 430. 432 Liberator (journal), 361 Lichtenstein. Rov. 467 Liebeg. Justus. 29 Liebermann. Max, 184. 18.5—86 Liebknecht. Kurt. 401 Liebnitz. Robert, 155 Lietzenburger Strasse housing complex, 430, 432 light, in New York tenements. 160—61, 163-64, 173-75 light wells, 149-50 Lilienthal, Gustav, 157 Lilienthal, Otto, 157 limited dividend housing, 98-99, 106, 265-66 Lincoln Center, 309 Lincoln Square Lrban Renewal Area, 416 Lindengalerie. 129-30 Lindenthal. Gustav. 41. 43. 45, 121. 123.299 Lissitzkv. El. 343 Litchfield. Eleetus. 271. 275 Little Galleries of the Photo- Secession (Stieglitz and Steiehen). 201 Lixfield. Elke. 455 Loewe. Ludwig. 139 Loewensohn. Erwin, 192 Loewv, Raymond, 306 Long Island Rail Road, 19, 35 Los Angeles, mass transit in. 311 Lower East Side, gentrification of, 416 Luckhardt. Hans. 244, 253, 258 Luekhardt, Wassili, 244, 253, 258 Luckman, Charles, 125 Luisenplatz, 432 Luisenstadt district, 406 Luisenstädtische Canal, 131 Luks, George, 197, 198, 200 Luna Park (New York), 211-12, 214, 216, 220 Lunapark (Berlin), 212, 216 Lüpertz, Markus, 447, 452; Dithyram-bic Manifesto, 451; Dithyrambs, 446 Luther Bridge, 64 Lützowstrasse Situations, 455 Lux, Joseph August, 83 Lynes, Russell, The Tastemakers. 460 Lyon, Henriette, 83 M Macbeth Galleries, 200 machine-aesthetic, 238 machines:and dadaism, 347; and new architecture, 234-37 Mächler, Martin, 254—55, 256; plan for Berlin, 251 Mackay, John Henry. 184 MacKave, Benton, 97-98 Madison Square Garden (Luckman), 125 Madison Square Terminal, 34—35 Magic Realism, 343. 344, 345, 348, 446 Mailer, Norman, The White Negro, 462 Manet, Edouard, 185 Mang, Rainer. 455 Mangoldt, Karl von, 85 Manhattan Bridge. 20.41, 121. 123 Mannesmann pipe plant (Düsseldorf). 140 Manship, Paul. 362 Marc. Franz. 190 March. Otto. 155 Märchenbrunnen fountain. 139 Marcuse. Herbert. 467 Marey, E. J.. 202 Marholm. Laura. 184 Marin. John. 202—3 Mark Brandenburg. 139 Markgraffenstrasse, 1 7 Märkisches Museum. 139 Märkisches Viertel. 404-5, 425 Marschall Bridge, 48 Marsh. Reginald, 359, 362 Martin, Homer D., 196 Marzahn housing estate. 475 mass culture. 437-39 Masses, The (socialist journal). 200-201,204, 207 mass production, for housing, 23-24 mass transit, 305, 311, 312 Matulka, Jan, 364 May, Ernst. 22, 23, 237. 240, 243, 268 Mayer. Albert, 271 Mayer, Hannes. 237 McAlpine, William J.. 43 McGraw-Hill Company. 338 McKim. Mead & W hite. 19. 38. 113-14. 116,323,333 McLuhari, Marshall, 467 McMahon, Audrey. 364 Mebes, Paul. 142^ 150-52, 244, 253 Mehring, Walter. 343 Meidner. Ludwig, 190, 192, 342 Meier-Graefe. Julius. 187 Meisner, Günter, 447 Mendelsohn, Erich, 253. 254, 255, 256, 260, 261, 287-88; Amerika, 282, 284, 318; Amerika, Bilderbuch eines Architekten, 240 Menzel, Adolf, 134, 136, 182 Merkel, Hermann W., 125 Merleau-Ponty, M., 462 Merz, Mario, 451 Messel, Alfred. 134, 139, 147, 152-55. 327, 425 Messer, Thomas, observations, 226 Metropolitan Board of Health. New York, 167 Metropolitan Museum of Art. 195, 357 metropolitan squares (Berlin), 258-61 Metzel, Olaf: 13.4.1981, 455, 457; Olympian Art, 457 Meyer, Adolf, 140, 253 Meyers, Jerome, 198 Meyers Hof, 145 Michaelis Garten, 61 Michael Werner-Benjamin Katz Gallery', 446 Middendorf, Helmut, 451, 452 Mies van der Rohe. Ludwig, 24, 50, 140. 238, 253, 254. 258. 318. 322-27 Mietskaserne, 22. 133, 14,5—57 Mietvilla (rented villa), 155 Mills. C. Wright, 462 minimum-existence flat, 91 Mitchell-Lama Slum Prevention Law. 415-16 Moabit district (Berlin), 57, 59, 61 508 modernism, 181-92; in American architecture, 282; Hegemann's resistance to, 292-93; in N.ew York art world, 357, 364—65; in New York housing, 268, 271, 276; popularity of, 360; vs. realists, 196, 201, 203, 208; social content of, 197 modernity, definition of, 407—8 Moest, Walter, 395 Mehring, Bruno, 52, 249, 252, 253 Moisieff, Leon, 123 Moldensehardt, Hans Heinrich, 405 Moltke Bridge, 64 Mommsen, Theodor, 182 Montauk Point, 301 Moore, Charles, 432 Morand, Paul, 327 Morgan, J. P., 17 Moritzplatz gallen', 451—52 Morris. Robert, 468—69 Moser, Karl, 271 Moses, Bella, 297 Moses, Emanuel, 297 Moses, Robert, 76, 79, 118, 222, 297-98, 299-312,411 Moskowitz, Belle, 297 Motherwell, Robert, 459, 462 Mühsam, Erich, 89 Müller, Hans-Christian. 404 Müller, Jan, 465 Müller, Otto, 189 Mumford, Lewis, 97-98, 231, 268, 362, 365, 415; Brown Decades, The, 333; City in History, The, 490; Sticks and Stones, 282 Munch, Edvard, 186—87 Municipal Art Commission, 121, 123 Municipal Building (McKim, Mead & White), 333 Munter, Gabriele, 190 Murnau. Friedrich Wilhelm, Sunrise, 254 Museum Island, Berlin, 134 Museum of Modern Art, 360; "Art of Assemblage" exhibition (1961), 467; International Style exhibition (1932), 435; mass culture and, 437; 1936 Exhibition, 365; symposium on modern architecture (1948), 292-93 museums, as vital forces in cities, 488, 490, 493 Muthesius, Hermann, 141, 149, 155 Muybridge, Eadweard, 202 N Nabokov, Vladimir, 343 Nalen, John, 94 Napoleonic Wars, 62, 131 National Association of Building Owners and Managers, 336—37 National Gallery (Berlin), 187-88 National Monument to Emperor Wilhelm I, 139 National Wildlife Eederation, 97 naturalism, 181, 183 Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939, 365 neighborhood block housing, New York, 265-76 neighborhoods, 96, 265 neoclassicism. 131, 141 "Neo-Pathetic Cabaret" (Berlin poetry readings), 192 neosurrealism, in Berlin, 442 Neptune Fountain, 136 neue Frankfurt, Das (journal), 238 neue Gemeinschaft. See New Community Neue Jugend (journal), 347 Neue Pathos, Das (journal), 190 Neuer See (New Lake). 64 Neue Sachlichkeit, 343^46, 348—53, 399 neues Bauen. See new architecture Neuhaus, Friedrich, 51 Neumann, J. B., 358 Neumann, Max, 452 Neutra, Richard, 271, 282 New American Building exhibition. 281-82 new architecture, 232-38; in America, 282; in Berlin, 244^15; forms of, 238—40; in New York, 245-46, 268, 271; post-World War I, 237—38; and social reform, 241, 243^14; and urban and town planning, 240-41 New Art Circle, 358 New Club (Berlin), 192 New Community, 81, 83, 85 New Fauves, 442, 451, 452 New Gallery, Inc., 358 New Jersey: garden city movement in, 101-6; railroads, 35 New Masses (journal), 361 New National Gallery, Berlin, 50 New Objective Realism, 343 New People's Free Theater (Berlin), 184 News Building (Howells and Hood), 335,338 New Secession, 189 New Society of Artists, 358 New York: ad hoc development of, 389-90, 411-15; architectural styles, 30-31; art world in, 195-208, 357-65, 459-73; bridges, 40-45, 119; compared to Berlin as center/city, 481-93; district controls in, 414—15; egalitarian design in, 386; garden city movement, 93-94, 96, 98-101, 106-7, 265-76; gridiron layout, 161-63; housing, 159-77, 245-46, 265-76, 312, 415-17; in-terwar years, 357-65; inventors in, 27-30; lower Manhattan restructuring, 417—21; midtown redevelopment project, 412-15; as mythological icon, 315—16, 318; new architecture in, 245-46; peripheral location of, 481-82; post-Civil War, 195-96; post-World War I, 106-7; post-World War II, 386, 389, 459-73; railroads, 34-40, 113, 116, 118; railroad stations, 36-40; real estate interests/greed in, 386, 389; skyscrapers of, effect on post-war European architecture, 315-16; subways, 19, 20, 118-19, 125; as symbol of modernity, 231. 238; as technological metropolis, 13—15, 30—31; transportation systems, 18-20. 34^10, 111-25; turn-of-the-century, 111. 113; urban planning in. 386, 389,411-12,414; waterfront, 33-34, 417-21 New York and Harlem Railroad, 34-35 New York and New Haven Railroad, 35 New York Aquarium, 222 New York Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, 98 New York Central Railroad, 35 New York City Department of Docks, 33 New York City Housing Authority, 245; 1934 competition, 271, 273 New York City Landmark Commission, 414-15 New York City Planning Commission, 245 New York Connecting Railroad, 43 New York Film Festival, 470 New York Hilton, 414 New York Pubic Library, 41 New York Sanitary Reform Society, 169 New York School, 460, 461 New York State Housing Law of 1926, 268 New York University, 359-60 New York Zoning Law of 1916, 334 Nichols, Othiel F., 41 Niederschönhausen housing complex, 150 Niemeyer, Oscar, 306 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 84 Nolde, Emil, 189 Nollendorf-Casino, 181 Nollendorfplatz, 55 Northern State Parkway, 299 Novembergruppe, 342-43 0 Ocean Parkway, 301 October (journal), 472-73 Odeum, 61 Oldenburg, Claes, 463, 464, 467 Old Law Tenements, 168, 176 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 71-76, 79, 116-17, 123-24, 195 Olympic Tower, 414 1/61 Gallery, 455 Onkel-Toms-Huette housing development, 24,243 Oppenheimer, Franz, 83 ornament and decoration: Hilber-seimer's elimination of, 320, 322, 323; prefabricated, in Berlin. 133-34 Orozco, José Clemente, 362 Otis Elevator Company, 28 Otto, Adolf, 83 Ovaska, Arthur, 432 P Palmer & Hornbostel, 121, 123, 125 Palucca, Gret, 89 Pan (journal), 181, 187 Pan Am Building, 413, 414 Pandämonium manifesto, 446, 447 panoramas, 55 Paris, 13; art in, 185, 344^16 Park Avenue, 412-13 Park Belvedere, 416 Parker, Berry, 83-84, 87 parkwav system (New York), 299—302, 411 Parsons, Betty, 461 Parsons, William Barclay, 20, 118 Pathetiker, Die, 190, 192 Paul Gerhard Church, 424 Paul Laurence Dunbar Apartments, 267 Peace Tower, 467 Pechstein, Max, 189, 442 Pennsylvania Hotel (McKim. Mead & White), 323 Pennsylvania Railroad, 19 Pennsvlvania Station, 19, 35, 38, 40, 113, 114-16 Peoples Art Guild, 361 People's Free Theater (Berlin), 89. 184 Pergamon Museum, 134, 139 Perry , Lila Cabot, 196 Petersen, Richard, 249 Pevsner, Antoine, 343 Pfamfert, Franz, 190 philanthropic housing, New York, 176. 265-66 Philharmonic Hall (Berlin), 61, 425 Phipps Gardens, 268 photographers, in New York, 198 Picabia, Francis, 196, 204, 207; lei, c'est ici Stieglitz, 204 Picasso, Pablo, 342, 345 piers, New York, 33-34 pittura metafisica, 344, 345, 347 Pitz. Hermann, 455 Planning Collective No. 1, 429, 430 Planungsgruppe Potsdam, 477 Platz der Republik, redesign of, 260-61 Plumber and Sanitary Engineer (magazine), 168-69 Pods, Reinhard, 455 Poelzig, Hans, 253, 254, 255, 260 Pollack, Jackson, 437, 461 Pop Art, 437, 446, 467 populist movement, New York. 171-72 Porsche, Ferdinand, 309 porte-cochère, 124, 173 Post-Expressionism, 348 Post-Impressionism, 357 Potsdamer Platz, 260 Potsdam Station, 57 poverty, in New York, 159-76 Prendergast, Maurice, 196. 200 Price, Thomas, 161 Price, U vedale, 72 production, vs. consumption, 437 progressive reform movement, 198, 208 Prospect Park, 195 public art, 471-72 public health, 160 public recreation and entertainment, in cities, 211—22 public space/private space design, in skyscrapers. 333-34, 336 Public Works Administration (PWA), 268 Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), 362 Pullman Strike, 94 Pulvermühlengelände, 57 Puni, Iwan, 343; Musician, The, 343 Q Qassowski, L., 133 Quebec Bridge, 20 Queens (New York), development of, 99-100 Queensboro Bridge. 20, 41, 43, 121, 123,299 Queensbridge Houses, 273, 275—76 Quergalerie, 455 Quinn, John, 357, 358. 359 R Rat'zynski Palace, 66 Radburn housing complex. 101-6, 268 Rading, Adolf, 256 Rahmann, Fritz, 455 railroad flats, 164 railroads: in America, 18, 311; in Berlin, 51-55, 131. 136; in New York. 18-20, 34-40, 113-18; urban, 17-20 railroad stations: Berlin, 51-52; New York, 36-40 Rappold, Otto, Der Bau der Wolkenkratzer, 252 Raschdorff, Julius, 136 Raskob, John J., 338 Rathenau, Emil, 15, 17, 139, 183 Rathenau, Walter, 183, 284 rationalization of construction. 235. 237 Rauch, Christian Daniel. 130 Raue, Peter, 444 Rauschenberg. Robert, 463-64 509 Ray, Man, 206, 359; Rope Dancer Accompanies Herseif with Her Shadow, The, 206 Raymond, George W., 38 RCA Tower, 339 RCA Victor Building (GE Building) (Cross & Cross}, 335, 339 Rea, Samuel, 38 realist artists, 1%, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203, 208; space-time concerns of, 202-4, 233-34 recessed perimeter block housing projects, New Vork, 267—76 Reconstruction finance Corporation (RFC), 268 Reconstruction Plan (Berlin), 396 Red Hook housing project, 273, 275—76 Reed, Charles, 38 Reed, John, 208 Reed & Stem, 38, 113-14 Refregier, Anton. 361 Regional Art Commission (Berlin), 187, 188 Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA), 97-101, 106-7, 245, 268 Reichsforschung-gesellschaft (Rfg), 238 Reichstag Building, Berlin, 260-61, 482 Reinhardt-Bühne, 89 Reis, Philipp, 17 renovation, vs. demolition, 427, 429 representational art, 444—46 Repton, Humphrey, 72 Reuter, Joseph, 253 Reynolds, William H., 216 Rheinsberg, Raphael, 455 Rhode, Gilbert, 306 Richards Kaffeegarten (Kempers Hof), 61 Riehmer (Hofgarten designer), 141 Riesler, Walter, 238 Riesman, David, The Lonely Crowd, 462 Riis, Jacob, 161, 171, 198 Ring group, 238, 254, 255 riots, in New York, 165—67 Ritter, Wilhelm, 298 Ritterstrasse housing complex, 430, 432 Rivera, Diego, 361 Riverbend Houses, 276 River Gardens, 271, 273 Riverside Drive, 116-18 Riverside Park, 116-18 roadways, New York, 123—25 Robert Fulton Memorial, 117 Robert Moses Massena Power Dam, 309 Robinson, Theodore, 196 Rockefeller, John D., 105 Rockefeller, Mrs. John D., 360 Rockefeller Center, 310, 338, 389, 411-12 Rockefeller family, New York properties, 386 Roebling, John Augustus, 40 Roebling, Washington, 40, 121 Roemerstadtsiedlung, 238 Roh, Franz, 348 Rohling, Gerd, 455 rookery dwellings, New York, 160-61 Roosevelt, Theodore, 171, 203-4 Rosenberg, Adolf, 186, 461 Rosenquist, James, 467 Rossi, Aldo, LArchitettura della città, 405 Rosz, Martin, 452, 455 Roters, Eberhard, 445 Roud, Richard, 470 Rouse Company, 420 Rousseau, Henri, 345 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, monument to, 61 Rowe, Colin, 393 Royal Iron f oundry, 51, 131 Rudolf-Virchow-Hospital, 139 Russell, John, observations, 225 Russolo, Luigi, 190 Ruttmann, Walter, Berlin, Symphonie einer Grosstadl, 254 S Sachs, Paul J., 360 St. Norbert's Church, 424 St. Paneras Station, 233 St. Patrick's Cathedral, 487 Salomé (Wolfgang Cilarz), 451, 452 Salon, Berlin, 182 Salon, Paris, 185 Salon of America, 358 Salzmann, Georg, 253 San Remo cafe, 460, 462 Santarossa, Hella, 452 Sargent, John Singer, 196 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 462, 463 Sassen, Saskia, observations, 503 Sawade, Jürgen, 430 Sax, Ursula, 447 Schad, Christian, 344, 345, 351 Schadow, Gottfried, 130 Schaefer, Heinrich, 244 Schamberg, Morton, 207; God, 207 Sehapiro, Meyer, 361, 362, 365, 461 Scharoun, Hans, 24, 253, 254, 256, 395, 396, 402, 423 Scheffler, Karl, 316, 320; Die Architektur der Grosstadt, 261 Schermerhorn Row, 418 Schiller, Friedrich, 62 Schillerpark complex, 142 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, 47, 48, 50, 55,57,131, 134, 323-24, 327 Schinkel Pavilion, 432 Schklovsky (artist), 343 Schlangenbader Strasse residential complex, 429 Schlemmer, Oskar, 353—54; Paracelsus - The Legislator, 354 Schlenther, Paul, 183 Schlichter, Rudolf, 344; Roof Atelier, 344 Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl, 188, 190, 192, 442 Schmieden, Heino, 133, 134 Schmit, Tomas, 449 Schmitthenner, Paul, 142, 260 Schmitz, Bruno, 155, 249, 251, 252 Schneider, Charles C., 43 Schön, Eva-Maria, 452 Schönebeck, Eugen, 451; Pandämoni-um manifesto, 446 Schöneberg Harbor, 51 Schöneberg housing complex, 150, 151 Schöneberg meadow, 67 Schrimpf, Georg, 346 Schule der neuen Prächtigkeit, 452 Schüler, Ralph, 429 Schüler-Witte, Ursulina, 429 Schultze, Bernard, 445 Schuyler, Montgomery, 116, 121 Schwarzes Ferkel, 181, 187 Schwarzkopff company, 182 Schwatlo, Carl, 134 Schwechten, Franz, 136, 216 Schwedler, J. W., 50, 55 Schwieger, Heinrich, 52 Schwitters, Kurt, 322, 347 Science Center (Berlin), 432 Scorsese, Martin, Taxi Driver, 490 Seagram Building, 413, 435 Sea Lion Park, 211,214 Secession, 186 Sedan Panorama (Alexanderplatz Station), 55 Sedlmayr, Hans, 442, 493 See, Milton, 117 Segal, George, 464 segregated housing, and garden city movement, 104 self-contained cities (Howard). See garden city movement Sello, Christian Ludwig Samuel, 61 Sert, Jose Luis, Can Our Cities Survive, 311 7 Produzentengalerie, 452 Severini, Gino, 190 sewage systems, Berlin, 56 Shinn, Everett, 197, 198, 200 Short, R. Thomas, 174 Shreve, Richmond, 273 Shultz and Simmons, Offices in the Sky, 336 Sickingenstrasse housing complex (Berlin-Wedding), 152, 155 Siedler, Eduard Jobst, 253, 256, 260 Siedler, Wolf Jobst, The Assassinated City, 405 Siedlungen (housing settlements), 22-23, 24, 244, 265 Siegesallee, 139 Siemens, George, 17 Siemens, Werner, 17-18, 28-29, 52 Siemens & Halske, 15, 17, 29, 52, 55, 183 Siemensstadt housing development, 24, 243 Simmel, Georg, 255; Big Cities and Intellectual Life, 255, 485 simulacrum art, 473 Singstad, Ole, 305 site-specific sculpture, 471 Sitte, Camillo, 84, 287, 324 Situations 60, 447 Sixties, The, 465-70 60 Wall Tower, 336 Skarbina, Franz, 186 Skoda, Claudia, observations, 224 skyscrapers: American, history of, 332-39; definition of, 331-32; economic impact of, 336—39; German-ization of, in Berlin, 251—54; as symbols, 315-16, 318, 320, 322-27 Slaby, Adolf, 29 Sloan, John, 196, 197, 198, 200, 204, 208 Smith, Alfred E., 98, 297 Smith, Henry Atterbury, 174 Smith, Stephen, 171 Smithson, Robert, Spiral Jetty, 468 Smokeless City housing estate (Steglitz), 151 Snook, John B., 36 SO-36 district (Berlin), 406 social classes: bourgeosie vs. aristocracy, in Berlin, 182—83; intermixing of, in New York, 159—60 Social Democratic Party, 22, 84 socialism, 22, 200-201 socialist realism, 396, 399 social reform: and architecture in America, 245-46; garden city movement as means to, 84, 86, 94, 104; and new architecture, 241, 243-44 social unrest, in New York, 165—67, 361-65 Société Anonyme, 358, 359 Society of Friends and Young Artists (New York), 208 Society of Independent Artists, 206-7, 358 Soeder, August, 254 SoHo, 470 SoHo/Cast-Iron historic district, 415 Soil, The (journal), 206 Somervell, Brehon, 364 Sophie-Charlottenpark complex, 142 Sörgel, Herman, 327 Southern State Parkway, 298, 299 South Street Seaport, 418, 420, 439 Soyer, Raphael, 361 space design, effect on human psyche, 84 Spaces exhibition (Büro Berlin gallery), 455 space-time concerns, of modernist and realist artists, 202-4, 233-34 Speer, Albert, 251, 253, 261-62 Spengler, Oswald, 231 Sperry, Elmer, 27 Sperry Gyroscope Company, 27 Sprague, Frank Julian, 27, 28, 38 Sprague Electric Elevator Company, 28 Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company, 28 Springer, Rudolf, 444 Springsteen, George, 268 Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad, 36 Stadtbahn (S-Bahn), 52, 136 Stadthaus, Berlin, 139 Staff, Franz, 260 Stahl-Urach, Carl, 218 Stalinallee, 396, 399, 401 standardization, 235 Starin, John, 34 State Charities Aid Association, 98 State Park Plan for New York (Moses), 298 steel construction, 50 Steeplechase, 211—12, 214, 220 Steglitz housing complex, 150 Steichen, Edward, 201, 204, 207; Flat-iron Evening, 320 Stein, Clarence, 98, 99-100, 266, 267, 268 Stein-Hardenberg reforms, 131 Steinway tunnel, New York, 20 Stella, Joseph, 196, 202,207 Stem, Allen, 38 Stern, Henry J., 79 Stettenheim, Julius, 183 Stieglitz, Alfred, 196-97, 201-2, 203, 204, 206, 207, 358; Flatiron, The, 197; Steerage, The, 197 Stirling, James, 432 Stock Exchange, Berlin, 134 Stöhrer, Walter, 447 Stokes, I. N. Phelps, 175,266 Stoughton, Charles, 125 Strack, Johann Heinrich, 134 Straumer, Heinrich, 253 stream-of-consciousness, 202 street courtyards, 149-50 Strindberg, August, 184, 187 Strong, Josiah, 94 Stüler, Friedrich August, 134 Sturm, Der (journal), 181, 190 Sturm Gallery, 190 Stuttgart, 244 Stuyvesant Town, 415 suburbs, Berlin, 139 subways, New York, 19, 20, 118-19, 125 Sullivan, Louis Henry, 281 Sullivan, Mrs. Cornelius J., 360 Sulzer, Johann Georg, 62 Sunken Meadow, 301 Sunnyside Gardens, 100-101, 105, 268 superblocks (garden cities), 102-4 Superdadaism, 344 Surrealism, 344, 442, 446 510 Susman, Warren I., Culture and History, 467 Suvero, Mark di, 467 Suzuki (Zen theorist), 463 Sweeney, James Johnson, 460 Synthetic Cubism, 343 Szymanski, Rolf, 447 T TAC II plan, 404 Tappert, Georg, 189 Taronescher Kafleegarten, 61 Tatlin, Vladimir, 331 Taut, Bruno, 22,23,24. 86-91, 142, 157,240, 243, 253 Taut, Max, 237, 253; Die neue Wohnung', 235 Tautz, Faul Robert, 83 Taylor. Frederick W., 23, 202, 220 Taylorism, 235 Teague, Walter Dorwin, 306; Design This Day. 311 Tegel Harbor apartment complex, 432 Teichmanns Blumengarten, 61 Teltow, 69 Teltow Canal, 136 Tenement House Act of 1867, 167 Tenement House Act of 1879, 168, 169 Tenement House Act of 1901 (New Law), 175-76 Tenement House Committee: report of 1884, 170; report of 1894, 172 Tenement House Law, 161 tenement housing: New York, 161-76; origin of term, 163 Tent Place, 61, 69 ter Hell (Berlin artist), 447 Terminal City (Grand Central Station, New York), 114 terra-cotta facades, in Berlin, 133-34, 134 Tesla, Nikola, 27—28 Tessenow, Heinrich, 87, 256 Thieler, Fred, 446-47 13 E: Eleven Artists Working in Berlin exhibition (Whitechapel Gallery, London), 451—52 Thirty Years War, 59 Thomas, Andrew J., 266—67 Thomas Garden Apartments, 267 Thompson. Benjamin, 437-38, 439 Thompson, Frederic, 214 Throg's Neck Bridge, 45, 305 Tiergarten, 58-69, 131, 482 Times Square, restructuring of, 414 Times Square Center, 414 Titz, Eduard, 134 Todt, Fritz, 309-10 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 84 Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri, 187 Towle, Hubert Ladd, 124 town houses, Berlin, 147, 155 traffic: congestion, road building as cause of, 305; and redesign of metropolitan squares in Berlin, 258—61 trans-avant-garde art (postmodern), in Berlin, 451 Transportation and Building Museum, 52 transportation systems: Berlin, 254-55; New York, 18-20, 34-40, 111-25 Treasury Department Section of Painting and Sculpture, 362 Treasury Relief Art Project, 362 Tribeca, 420 Triborough Bridge, 45, 301, 302 Triborough Bridge Authority (TBA), 302 Trier, Hann, 446, 447 Trökes, Heinz, 442 Trump, Donald, 416 Trump Tower, 414 Tryon, Dwight W„ 196 Tschudi, Hugo von, 184, 187—88 Tugwell, Rexford, 411 tunnels, railway, 19—20 Turmhaus (tower building), 316 Twachtman, John Henry, 196 Tweed administration (New York), 168 291 (journal), 204 type forms (Le Corbusier), 235 U U-Bahn, 55, 136 Uhlmann, Hans, 444 Ulbricht, Walter, 396 Unemployed Artists' Group, 361 Ungere, 0. M., 478 Unglaube, Felix, 260 uniform block frontage design, 324, 327 Unité, 425 United Nations, 412 United States. See America Universal Pictures Building, 413 University Heights Bridge, 43, 45 University of Berlin, 29 Unter den Linden, 129—30; redesign of, 253, 288-89 Unwin, Raymond, 83—84. 87, 267—68 Upper East Side historic district, 415 Upper West Side, urban renewal of, 415-17 Urban Design Group, 439 urban planning and design: autocratic impulse in, 385; in Berlin, 56—57, 249, 251, 255-56, 395-408, 475—78; egalitarian city vision, 385—93; and garden city planning movement, 83—84, 86; in Germany, 47^4-8, 475—78; Hegemann's notions of, 285—93; and new architecture. 240-41; in New York, 386, 389, 411-21; post-World War I, 47^18; post-World War II, 386, 389, 39,5-408 urban street blocks, 265 Urbino, urban design of, 385 V Valley Stream, 301 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 35 Vanderbilt, William K., 114 van de Velde, Henry, 140-41 Van Eesteren, Cor, 253, 288—89 Vaux, Calvert, 71-76 Vedova, Emilio, Plurimi di Berlino, 451 Veiller, Lawrence. 174, 175 ventilation, in tenements, 160-61. 164-65, 173-75 Venturi, Robert, 386, 439 Venus Basin (Goldfish Pond), 61 Verists, 343, 344, 345, 348 Verrazano Narrows Bridge, 45, 125, 305 Vienna, 13 Vietnam War, 470 villa colonies, Berlin, 136 Village, The (journal), 94 Viollet-le-Duc, E. E., 123 Virchow, Rudolf, 182 Vitruvius, 488 Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm, 201 Volksgarten (Hirschfeld), 62 Von der Hude and Hennicke, 134 Vostell, Wolf, 449 Vroman, Guy, 125 W Waehweger, Thomas, 452 Waesemann, F. A., 133 W agner, Martin. 22-24, 240-41, 244, 246, 253, 254, 255, 258, 260 Wagner, Robert, 415-16 Wagner Housing Act of 1937, 245, 275 Walden, Herwarth. 190 Wallot, Paul, 136,260 Ware, James, 168, 173-74 Warhol, Andy, 467 Warren, Whitney, 114 Warren and Wetmore, 38 Wart. John S. Van, 268 Washington, D. C., 385—86 Washington (Harlem) Bridge. 43 Washington Market (New York), 417, 420 Washington Square (New York), 267 waterfront development, New York, 33-34, 417-21. See also Battery Park City; South Street Seaport waterways, Berlin, 51 Watson, Forbes, 358. 359 Weber, Alfred, 442 Weber, Max, 196, 202, 204, 207; Chinese Restaurant, 204; New York, 204; Rush Hour, 204 Weimar, 353-54 Weimar Republic, 23, 341—55 Weinberg, Robert C., 291 Weinert, Erich, 89 Weir, Julian Alden, 195 Weisbachgruppe housing complex, 152 Weissenhofsiedlung (Stuttgart), 238; exhibition of 1927, 238 Weisse Stadt (housing development), 24 Welfare City Exhibition, 324 Werefkin, Marianne von, 190 Werkbund, 234, 238 Werner, Anton von, 134, 136, 182, 185 Werner, Michael, 449 Werner, Theodor, 442 Wertheim Department Store (Leipziger Platz), 139, 152 West Berlin: image of a free society in urban design, 390, 393; post-World War II architecture of, 423—32 Western Railroad of Massachusetts, 34 Westinghouse Company, 17 West Side historic district, 415 West Side Improvement Project, 117-18 West Side Urban Renewal Area. 415-16 Wetmore, Charles D., 114 Whitaker, Charles, 98 White, Alfred T., 98 White, Stanford, 114, 119 White Horse Tavern, 460 Whitman, Robert, 464 Whitnev, Gertrude Vanderbilt, 207-8, 358.360 Whitnev Museum of Art, 359, 360; 1935 Show, 364 Whitney Studio Club, 208, 358—59. 360 Whitney Studio Galleries, 360 Wiegand, Dr., country home of (Berlin-Dahlem), 140 Wiener Werkstätte, 335 Wildenbruch, Ernst von, 183 Wildwood, 301 Wilgus, William J., 38, 113 Wilhelmine Period (Berlin), 47-57, 134-39 Wille, Bruno, 184 William I, Emperor, 134 William II. Emperor, 188 Williams, William Carlos, 207 Williamsburg Bridge, 20, 41, 121 Williamsburg Houses (Brooklyn), 271 W ilmersdorf meadow, 67 Wingate, Charles F., 171 Winkler. E., 50 Wittig, Paul, 252 Wohnstadt Carl Legien, 243 Wolff, Eugen, 181 Wolff, Paul, 141 Wolff, Theodor, 183 Wölfflin, Heinrich, 232 Wood, Edith Elmer, 245 Wood, Silas, 161 Woolworth, Frank W\, 333 Woolworth Building (Gilbert), 333-34. 338 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 362, 364 World Financial Center, 420 World's Fair (New York. 1939), 305-6 World Trade Center (Yamasaki), 337. 417, 487 World War I: effect on American art, 357-58; effect on American consciousness, 96—97, 204; effect on artists of Weimar Republic, 342; impact on housing in Berlin, 241; influence on American government planning, 266 World War II: damage to Berlin, 220; personal recollections of. 367-70. See also Berlin; New York Worldwide Plaza. 414 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 234, 284 Wright, Henry, Sr., 100 Wright, Henry, 98, 245, 246, 266, 268 Wurster, Catherine Bauer, 97 Wyant, Alexander H., 196 Y Yellow Houses (Gessner), 142, 147, 149 Z Zech, Faul, 190 Zeckendorf, William, 412 Zehlendorf housing complex (Mebes). 150 Zehlendorf Plan, 395, 396 Zeilenbau housing layouts, 238, 271 ZERO group, 447 Zimmer, Bernd, 451, 452 Zone 5 exhibition, 444 Zorach, William, 365 Zum Hofjäger, 66 Zweckverband Gross-Berlin, 143 511 |
