| Volltext: | Index NOTE: Page numbers in bold indicate a text by an author. Page numbers in italic indicate an illustration. Page numbers followed by indicate information is in a note. "absolute artistic volition" 82-5 Abstract Expressionism, 159, 220 abstraction, 53, 54, 57-60; American art, 203, 212, 236; and avant-garde, 190; Kandinsky on, 98, 99, 106, 121; Mondrian on Abstract-Real painting, 147-9; and rationalization, 170-1; Worringer on, 57-9, 60, 80, 85-91 academies and Futurism, 30, 31, 135 academism see Alexandrianism Ades, Dawn, 8, 301-2, 381-99 Adorno, Theodor, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 233; culture industry, 155, 221; on montage, 260-1; negation of synthesis, 261 advertising: and Dadaism, 374; and Socialist Realism, 281 "aesthetic materialism" 281 aestheticism, 222, 233, 254-8; and avant-garde in France, 353-4, 356, 362; Worringer on, 79-91; see also autonomy of art Agitreklama, 205 Ainalov, D. V., 124 AIZ, 207, 216 AKhRR, 278, 281-4 alchemy, 55 Alexandrianism, 159, 189, 191, 209 alienation effect, 158, 227-8 allegory and montage, 259 American art: abstraction, 203, 212, 236; documentary movement, 204,205; historical avant-garde, 220, 221; Modernist movements, 203-4, 205, 207-8; and politics, 212 American Guide Series, 204 anarchism, 219-20,237,247,272, 331-2, 350,352-3 Ancient Greece, 93,175; music, 199-200; Nazi neo-classicism, 266, 267,268, 275, 282; tec also classical art Anderson, Wayne, 318 androgyny of Maori body, 312 Anquetin, Louis, 65 anthropism, 89 Anthroposophy, 55, 62 and-bourgeois movements, 219-23, 243-7; Dadaism, 366-71, 374-5, 376 antithesis, 108, 110, 117, 119 Apollinaire, Guillaume, 42, 43, 352, 354, 355,358 apperceptive activity, 80-1 Aragon, Louis, 8, 44, 48, 207, 261, 369, 396 Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung (AIZ), 207, 216 400 Index architecture: Benjamin on reception of, 185; and Neo-Plasticism, 149 Aristotle, 190, 199-200 "arkhitektony" 278 Arnold, Matthew, 203, 245 Arp, Hans, 183, 368, 375 art for art's sake see aestheticism; autonomy of art art collectors, 300, 334-8, 355-6 "art of fact" 205 art history: and avant-garde, 321; feminist critique, 298; Modernist view, 209-11; "New Art History" 297 art theory and semiotics, 213-15 art/life dichotomy, 221-3, 226-7, 233, 254-8 artist-novel, 337 "artistic volition" 82-5 artists: and creativity, 122-3; as popular identity, 337, 338; and visual image, 13-14; women as, 325-8, 337, 338, 339-40 Arvatov, Boris, 223, 226, 281 Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (AKhRR), 278, 281^4 astrology, 55 Atget, Eugène, 181-2 Aubry, Georges, 355 Auden, W. H., 250 "aura" of work of art, 157-8, 177, 178; destruction of aura, 183, 186, 224 Aurier, G.-Albert, 56-7, 60, 71-8, 298, 305 Austrian art: Ver Sacrum editorial, 18-20 authenticity, 176-7, 179 automatism, 8, 42-4, 258, 261-2 autonomy of art: negation by avant-garde, 222, 223, 233, 253-8, 300; Russian avant-garde rejection of, 279; see also aestheticism avant-garde, 188-200; and aestheticism, 353-4, 356, 362; art/life dichotomy, 221-3, 226-7, 233; defining concept, 231-2; elitism/egalitarianism dichotomy, 4, 54, 191-2, 204; as expression of freedom, 321; failure of, 233; geography of, 249-50; historical avant-garde, 8, 219-29, 232-3; ideology of Russian avant-garde, 276; and kitsch, 159-60, 192-200, 201-3; and mass culture, 156-7, 160-1, 223-9; negation of autonomy of art, 222, 223,233,253-8, 300;neo-avant- garde, 234, 257; and politics, 189-90, 197-9, 219-23,231-95, 331-2, 352-3; in present day, 251; and Socialist Realism, 274-95; and technology, 223-9, 280-1; virility and domination in art, 298-300, 320-35; women artists, 325-8, 337, 338; see also Modernism Baader, Johannes, 368, 370, 373 Bahr, Hermann, 3 Balkan Wars and papiers collés, 350, 359, 360,361-2 Ball, Hugo, 300-1, 366, 368, 372, 375; Dada Manifesto, 5-6, 7, 33-4, 60 ballet: and mass ornament, 166; and Neo- Plasticism, 153 Barlach, Ernst, 267 Baron, Jacques, 44 Barthes, Roland, 297, 305, 310, 317-18 Barzun, Henri-Martin, 3534: Basler, Adolphe, 355 Bataille, Georges, 301, 381, 3834, 387, 392,394,396 Baudelaire, Charles, 54, 155-6, 373, 374 Bauhaus, 9, 11, 202, 278 Beardsley, Aubrey, 340 beauty: cult of, 179; and Neo-Plasticism, 152, 153; see also aestheticism Beckmann, Max, 9, 266 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 95 Bell, Clive, 1, 2, 3, 4, 57, 208, 209, 347 Bell, Vanessa, 341 Bellmer, Hans, 395 Benjamin, Walter, 156, 161, 204, 218, 233, 314; "aura" of work of art, 157-8, 177, 178; on Baudelaire, 373; criticisms of, 158; and hidden dialectic of avant-garde, 227-8; mechanical reproduction of art, 5, 157,174—87, 2234: 401 Index Benn, Gottfried, 198, 250, 268 Berenson, Bernard, 1 Bergius, Hanne, 156, 300-1, 366-80 Bergson, Henri, 5, 54, 351 Berlin Dada, 223, 225, 366, 375 Berliner Illustrierte, 216n Bernard, Émile, 21, 56, 307, 308, 317 Billy, André, 355 Binet, Alfred, 386-7, 395 "bioscopic books" 207 black, 110, 112, 113 Blanche, Jacques-Emile, 21 Blast manifestos, 341, 344, 346 Blaue Reiter Almanac, 66 Blavatsky, Mme Helena, 67 Bloch, Ernst, 156, 157, 234, 261, 265-9 Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich, 211, 250 blue, 101, 110, 111-12, 117 Böcklin, Arnold, 60, 98, 99 body: exotic other, 311-13, 316; and fetishism, 387, 388, 395, 396; see also female nude; sexuality "body culture" 172, 173 Boguslavskaya, K., 145 bohemian lifestyle: fantaisistes, 355; and masculine identity, 342-3; and women, 332-^1, 340-1 Boiffard, Jacques-André, 44, 396 Bojko, Szymon, 207 Bosman, William, 384-5 Boulanger, Gustave, 74 bourgeois art, 254-6 bourgeois family, 246-7 bourgeoisie: anti-bourgeois movements, 219-23, 243-5; and avant-garde artist, 331-5; Dada's break with, 366-71, 374-5, 376; Williams on, 243-7 Brancusi, Constantine, 2, 190 Braque, Georges, 45, 188, 190; nudes, 323-4; and Picasso, 259, 356, 357, 358,359 Brassai, 396 Brecht, Bertolt, 157, 158, 160, 161, 207, 214, 250; Verfremdungseffekt, 227-8 Breton, André, 56, 60, 66; Bürger on, 258, 261-2; and fetishism, 301, 383, 388-90, 392-3; "First Manifesto of Surrealism" 8, 36-49, 389; Nadja, 261, 262, 396; "Second Manifesto of Surrealism" 8; "Towards a Free Revolutionary Art" 236-7, 270-3 "Bretonism" 307-9 Breunig, Leroy, 354 Brik, Lilya, 226 Brodsky, Horace, 346 Brücke, Die, 299, 322, 324, 330, 331, 332,333 bruitism, 5, 6 Brzeska, Sophie, 341, 346-7 Buchloh, Benjamin, 233, 238 Bunuel, Luis, 392 Bürger, Peter, 8, 161, 221-3, 232^1, 237, 253-64, 300 Bürgin, Victor, 160, 201-17 Burne-Jones, Sir Edward, 98 "Bytie" 282 cabaret/Cabaret Voltaire, 5, 300-1, 366, 368, 375, 376 cabbala, 55 Cahill, Holger, 203 Campendonck, Heinrich, 266 capitalist production process: Benjamin on, 174-5; of kitsch, 193; and mass ornament, 167-8; and rationalism, 169-71 captions, 181 Carlyle, Thomas, 43 Carrà, Carlo, 60 Carrington, Dora, 341, 348 Carrive, Jean, 44 Central Institute of Labor (CIT), 226 Cézanne, Paul, 1,2,3,4,190,210; Fry on, 15, 16, 17, 208; Kandinsky on, 99, 125-6; Matisse on, 24, 26 Chagall, Marc, 266 chants nègres, 6 Chaplin, Charlie, 366, 374 Chardin, Jean Baptiste Siméon, 26 Chazal, Aline, 309-10 Cheetham, Mark, 62 Chien Andalou, Un (film), 392 402 Index childhood: and genius, 372; and Surrealism, 36, 48 children in Gauguin's work, 308-9 Chirico, Giorgio de, 42, 45, 60,128-9, 199,301 "Chistiakov system" 291 "ciné books" 207 cinema see film city, 155-6 Cixous, Hélène, 316 Clark, T. J., 160 classical art: Malevich on, 132-3; Nazi neo-dassicism, 266, 267, 268, 275, 282; and Socialist Realism, 275, 291; see also ancient Greece Clifford, James, 314 cloisonism/cloisonnisme, 56, 308 clothing: of avant-garde artists, 342-3; and fetishism, 387 code switching, 212 collage see montage; papiers collés collectors, 300, 334-8, 355-6 colonialism, 298, 382-3 color: Fry on, 15, 16; Kandinsky on, 100-21; Malevich on, 140, 141; Matisse on, 24-5; Mondrian and New Plasticism, 149, 150, 151-2 "Color Field" painting, 159 Columbus, Christopher, 37 Communism, 160, 187; and avant-garde, 248; revolutionary art, 271-3; see also Soviet Russia complementary colors, 25 composition: Kandinsky on, 105, 106-8; Malevich on classical art, 133; Matisse on, 22,24 Constructivism, 6, 8, 35, 51, 204, 233, 237, 278-81; and technology, 225, 226,280-1 cosmos and Socialist Realism, 278 Cottington, David, 300, 349-65 Courbet, Gustav, 27 Courths-Mahler, Hedwig, 267 courtly art, 253^1 Cravan, Arthur, 372 creativity: Kandinsky on, 122-3; Malevich on, 133-5, 143; and Modernism, 243 Créteil, Abbaye de, 63 Crevel, René, 44 "critical realism" 274-5 Crow, Thomas, 232 Cubism, 7, 54,208-9,233,298-9; Fry on, 208; ideological background, 362-3; Malevich on, 61, 132, 140, 141-2; Mondrian on, 148-9, ISO; papiers collés, 259, 260, 300, 349-51, 359-63; Picasso's paintings of women, 324, 328-9, 330; and Socialist Realism, 277 cults: ritual and art, 157-8, 179-80 "cultural Darwinism" 241 culture: definitions of, 203; and Marxist theory, 221-3; and sexual difference, 326-8; and social class, 200, 214; see also mass culture; primitive culture culture industry, 155, 221 Dada, Der, 53-4, 377 Dada Berlin, 223, 225, 366, 375 Dada Paris, 223, 225 Dada Zurich, 223, 225, 300 Dadaism, 223, 233; Benjamin on, 183^1, 224; Bürger on, 257-8, 263; Dada Manifesto, 5-6, 33-4; Fool in, 300-1, 366-80; Mondrian on, 148, 150; photomontage, 156-7,207; reception of, 263; technology and art, 224-5 Daix, Pierre, 349, 357, 360, 361 Dali, Salvador, 200, 388, 390-1, 392, 394-5 dance: and Neo-Plasticism, 153; see also ballet; Tiller Girls dandyism, 340; and Dada, 366, 369, 372, 373 Danielsson, Bengt, 314 David (Michelangelo), 133, 134 Davis, Stuart, 203^: de Chirico see Chirico, Giorgio de de Kooning, Willem, 329 De Stijl, 62, 278-9 decadence, 344 Décaudin, Michel, 354 decorative arts and Neo-Plasticism, 153 Defregger, Franz von, 267 403 Index "Degenerate Art" exhibition, 234, 235, 266-9 Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugène, 103, 126 Delaunay, Robert, 63 Delaunay-Terk, Sonia, 63, 326 Delteil, Joseph, 44 demythologization, 169, 170 dénicheurs, 355-6 Denis, Maurice, 1, 2, 21, 57 Derain, André, 45, 183, 327, 333 Desnos, Robert, 41, 44, 48, 383, 396 Desvallières, George, 21 dialectic, 55, 62, 156-7 disequilibrium, 147, 148 Dismorr, Jessica, 346 dissonance and Cubism, 141-2 Divisionism, 148 Dix, Otto, 266, 370 Dmitrieva, N., 285-6 documentary movement in America, 204, 205 Documents (Surrealist review), 383-4, 392, 396 Doesburg, Theo van, 62 Dongen, Kees van, 299, 323, 333 Douglas, Charlotte, 55 dramatic art and Neo-Plasticism, 152 dreams and dream objects: Breton on, 38-9, 40,389-90 du Maurier, George, 343 Ducasse, Isidore, 44 Ducat, Ethel, 338 Duchamp, Marcel, 45, 158, 224, 233, 257, 373, 391, 392 Duhamel, Georges, 184 Dujardin, Edouard, 65 Duncan, Carol, 298-300, 320-36 Dutilleul, Roger, 355, 356, 357, 358 Eagleton, Terry, 358 Eastern spiritualism, 55 Eco, Umberto, 212 effeminacy, 339, 340 Egbert, Donald Drew, 212 Egyptian architecture, 92 Eichenbaum, Boris, 211 Einstein, Carl, 381, 384 Eisenstein, Sergei, 226 Eliot, T. S., 188, 200, 250-1, 345 elitism of avant-garde, 4, 54, 191-2, 204 Éluard, Paul, 44, 66, 190, 391, 397 emblems, 260 empathy theory, 58, 79-85, 90 Engels, Friedrich, 8, 220, 392 Enlightenment, 169 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 215, 219 equilibrium, 62, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153 equivalent relationships, 151 Erasmus, Desiderius, 301 Ermanox camera, 206 Ernst, Max, 45, 374 erotic: Gauguin and primitive, 309-10, 311, 312-13, 315-16; see also female nude; sexuality essentialism, 62 ethnology: and fetishism, 384, 394; see also primitive culture eugenics, 339 Eve myth, 322, 326-7 exhibition of art, 179-80, 181-2 expression in art: Matisse on, 21-7, 56 Expressionism, 233, 298-9; critiques of, 53; film, 161; in Nazi Germany, 198, 234, 250, 268; "New Objectivity" follows from, 50-1; and Socialist Realism, 282; Worringer's influence on, 57-8; see also Brücke, Die "Expressionism Debate" 234 "factography" 205, 207-8 fairy tales, 41, 168-9, 173 fantaisisme, 354, 355 fantasy, 121 Farm Security Administration (FSA), 204 fascism: and avant-garde, 222, 248; Benjamin on, 175, 185-7; Breton on, 273; and Futurism, 5, 199, 248, 250; and kitsch, 160, 198 Fauves, les, 4,26,158; and politics, 331-2; virility and domination in art of, 298-9,322-5 fear of space, 85-6 Federal Art Project, 203-4 404 Index Federal Theatre project, 204, 207-8 Federal Writers' Project, 204 Fedorov-Davydov, A., 282-3 Feininger, Lionel, 11, 266 female nude: and fetishism, 396; Futurist ban on, 136-7; Gauguin's nudes, 309, 316, 326-7; Matisse on, 22-3; virility and domination in avant-garde art, 299, 320, 322-5, 326-8, 328-30, 333-5; women artists, 327; women models, 332-4; women's responses to, 335 feminism: and avant-garde, 330-1, 337; and masculinity, 343; and social Darwinism, 339 "feminization": of art, 337-8, 340; of men, 339, 340 femmes fatales, 323, 326-7, 328 Fer, Briony, 62 Ferenczi, Sandor, 342 Festin d'Esope, Le, 355 "Fetishism" (exhibition), 301 fetishism and Surrealism, 301-2, 381-99; etymology of "fetish" 381-2 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas, 394-5 Feuilles libres, 41 n Fiedler, Leslie, 219 film: Benjamin on, 176, 177, 181, 182-3, 184, 185; Bürgin on montage, 259; and politics, 156, 162 Filonov, Pavel, 287 Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, 27 Flechtheim, Alfred, 355 folk art, 200, 248 fool in Dada, 300-1, 366-80 Forain, Jean Louis, 355 form: Kandinsky on, 103-8,121; Malevich on zero of form, 130,143; in Socialist Realism, 289-90; Symbolist/ Formalist conceptions, 209 formalism, 208-12; Fry and Bell, 1, 164, 208; Russian Formalism, 201, 209-12, 213 Foster, Hal, 8, 67, 233 Foucault, Michel, 367, 382, 388 Fourier, Charles, 219 France: nationalism in, 351-2 Frankfurt School, 155 Frankfurter Zeitung, 156 freedom: and avant-garde, 321, 331-2; Breton on, 37; of expression, 272-3 Frémiet, Emanuel, 27 Freud, Sigmund, 182, 330; Breton and Surrealism, 8, 38-9, 42, 236-7; and fetishism, 386, 387, 394; on "taboo" 382 Friday Club, 347 Friesz, Othon, 324 Frisby, David, 157 Fry, Roger, 1-2, 4, 13-17, 159, 347; on Cézanne, 15,16,17,208; on Cubism, 208; formalist criticism, 1, 57, 164, 208,209 Futurism, 205, 232, 233; and Cubism, 351; and Dadaism, 375-6; and fascism, 5, 199, 248, 250; Malevich on, 132, 135-45; Marinetti and manifesto, 4-5, 28-32; and masculinity, 347; Mondrian on, 148, 150, 152; and Suprematism, 61-2, 135-45; and technology, 225, 226; and war, 186, 187; Williams on, 242-3, 247-8 galleries in Paris, 355-6 Galton, Francis, 344 Gan, Alexei, 204, 279 Gance, Abel, 177 Garcia Oliver, Juan, 273 Gastev, Alexey, 223, 226 Gaudier-Brzeska, Henri, 338, 340, 341 Gauguin, Mette Gad, 307 Gauguin, Paul, 2, 3,16, 57, 322; Aurier on symbolism in, 56-7, 71-3, 76-8; female nudes, 309, 316, 326-7; Malevich on, 143; Solomon-Godeau on primitive, 297-8, 304-19 gaze, 299-300 gender: masculinity and modernism, 299-300, 337^13; and Mondrian, 62; and primitivism, 298, 310; virility and domination in avant-garde art, 298-9, 320-36 genius: Breton on, 44; Bürger on, 257; and childhood, 372 405 Index geometrie style, 86-8,121 Gérard, Francis, 44 German Gothic, 58 Germany: avant-garde, 227-8; photography in, 205-6; see also Dadaism; Expressionism; Nazism Giacometti, Alberto, 384, 393^; Suspended Ball, 391-2 Gide, André, 191, 354 Giotto, 25, 210 Glazunov, Il'ia, 288 Gleizes, Albert, 63 , 352 Gobineau, Joseph, 312 Goebbels, Joseph, 198, 267 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 103, 109, 126 Goncharova, Natalia Sergeyevna, 2 Gothic, 58 Gourmont, Rémy de, 395 Gramsci, Antonio, 351 Grant, Duncan, 347 green, 101, 110, 112 Greenberg, Clement, 155,156-7,158-60, 188-200, 232, 236; Burgin's critique, 160, 201-3, 208-12, 213, 214 grey, 113 Griaule, Marcel, 397-8 Gris, Juan, 63 Groos, Karl, 91 Gross, Otto, 369-70, 371 Grossberg, Carl, 9 Grosz, George, 9,161-2, 226, 227, 266, 267; and Dada, 366, 367-8, 369, 370-1, 372-3 Groys, Boris, 8, 62, 232, 237, 274-95 Grützner, Eduard, 267 Guérin, Charles, 21 Guest, Eddie, 188 Guilbaut, Serge, 160 Habermas, Jürgen, 221, 254 Hamnett, Nina, 341, 348 Hamsum, Knut, 42 harmony: Kandinsky on, 108; and Neo- Plasticism, 150-2 Hart Crane, Harold, 190 Hartlaub, Gustav, 1, 9, 50-1 Hausmann, Raoul, 5, 53-4, 367, 369, 372, 376-7; photomontage, 161-2, 207 Haviland, Frank, 355, 357 Heartfield, John, 162, 207, 223, 227, 366, 373; Bürger on, 233, 260 Heath, Stephen, 342 Heckel, Erich, 266, 324, 326 Hennings, Emmy, 375 Herbert, James, 4 hermeneutics and avant-garde, 263-^1 Herzfelde, Wieland, 226 "high art" 213-14, 224-5 Hildebrand, Adolf, 89-90, 91 historical avant-garde, 8, 219-29, 232-3 historical materialism, 218, 280, 281 Hitler, Adolf, 198, 202, 260; and art, 234, 265-9, 270-1 Hoch, Hannah, 161-2, 372 Hodler, Ferdinand, 92, 108, 326-7 Hofer, Carl, 266 Hofmann, Hans, 200 Hollier, Denis, 384 Horkheimer, Max, 155 House of German Art, Munich, 234, 235, 265-9 Huelsenbeck, Richard, 5, 6, 33, 368, 369, 373,375 human figure: Matisse on, 22-3, 25 humoristes, 355 Huyghe, Rene, 316 Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 55-6, 69-70 Huyssen, Andreas, 155, 158, 159, 160-1, 218-29 icon art, 195, 276 Idea/ideist art, 56-7, 60, 73-8 Idealism, 74; Victorian idealist artist, 345 "idealization" 125 identity, 297-302; and artists, 338; masculinity as masquerade, 341-3 images: Breton on Surrealism, 46-8 imagination: appeal of art to, 14-15, 17 imitation: Greenberg on avant-garde, 190, 191; imitation impulse, 83-4; see also reproduction of art immutability of art, 62, 146-7 406 Index Impressionism, 132, 210; Aurier on, 72, 73; Kandinsky on, 98; Matisse on, 23; and Post-Impressionism, 16-17 Indépendants, 355-6 "inner necessity" 59-60, 107-9, 120-1, 123 Institute for Social Research, 161, 163 "institution art" 222 International Federation of Independent Revolutionary Art, 273 intuition: Malevich on, 138-40, 141-3 Isherwood, Christopher, 250 Italian primitives, 2-3, 15, 57, 117 Italy: Mussolini and avant-garde, 199; see also Futurism Ivanov, Sergei, 283 Jackson, Mary, 342 Jacob, Max, 358 Jakobson, Roman, 211-12 Janco, Marcel, 6, 375 Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard, 67 John, Augustus, 340-1, 342, 348 John, Gwen, 341 "joujou" 397 Joyce, James, 191, 343, 345, 361 Jung, C. G., 268, 371 Jung, Franz, 369-70 Jungen, die, 3 Kafka, Franz, 158 Kahlo, Frida, 236 Kahnweiler, Daniel-Henry, 356, 357, 358 Kandinsky, Wassily, 2, 54, 56, 58, 59, 190, 266; on spiritual in art, 59-60, 93-127 Kant, Immanuel, 158, 209, 222, 233 Keats, John, 200 Kingsley, Mary, 384 Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig, 58, 266, 299; female nude, 322-3, 324, 326-7, 328, 329,330,333 kitsch, 159-60, 192-200, 201-3 Klages, Ludwig, 268 Klee, Paul, 45, 54, 190, 266 Klimt, Gustav, 3, 326-7 Klinger, Max, 60 Kluge, Alexander, 221 Klutsis, Gustaf, 277 Klyun, I., 145 Kokoschka, Oskar, 266 Kondakoff, N., 126 Kozloff, Max, 324 Kracauer, Siegfried, 156-7, 165-73 Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 386-7, 395 Kramar, Vincenc, 355 Krauss, Rosalind, 350 Kremlev, A. N., 124 Kris, Ernst, 338 Kristeva, Julia, 213 Kulbin, Nikolai I., 59, 124 Kuleshov, Lev, 206-7 Kunstblatt, Das, 9 kiinstlerroman, 337 Kunstwollen, 58 Kurella, Alfred, 283 Kurz, Otto, 338 "laboratory art" 204 Lacan, Jacques, 342 Land of the Free (film), 207 language: of colors, 102-17; and Dada, 6, 34 Lautréamont, Comte de, 47-8 Le Corbusier, 67, 390 Léandre, Charles, 355 Lechmere, Kate, 346 Lef 160, 204-5, 226, 280-1, 282, 285, 288-9 Léger, Fernand, 63, 352 Leica camera, 206 Leighten, Patricia, 350-1, 361, 362 Leiris, Michel, 383, 384, 393-4 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 220, 290, 291 Leonardo da Vinci, 16, 26, 27 Lesebilder, 260 Level, André, 355, 356 Lewis, Wyndham, 250, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344 liberation see freedom libraries and Futurism, 30, 31 "life-building/life creation" 278, 279 light and shade in Post-Impressionist art, 15 407 Index Limbour, Georges, 44 linear design, 15-16; geometrie line, 88 Lipps, Theodor, 58, 80-1, 85, 88, 90 Lissitsky, El, 207, 226, 277 literature: artist-novel, 337; kitsch, 196; Modernism, 204, 250-1; pulp fiction, 258; Socialist Realism, 282; on Tahiti, 313 -, see also poetry lithography, 175-6 Littérature, 8 logic: Breton on, 38 Lombroso, Cesare, 344, 372 London, Kurt, 194 "lost inheritance" 2-3 Loti, Pierre, 313 Lotze, Rudolf Hermann, 91 Luccione, Eugenie Lemoine, 342 Lukacs, Georg, 221, 234 Lunacharsky, Anatoli, 225 Macdonald, Dwight, 194-5 MacLeish, Archibald, 207 madness: Breton on, 37-8; and fool in Dada, 366, 367, 369-72 Maeterlinck, Count Maurice, 123 male nudes, 326-8 Malevich, Kazimir, 54, 56, 61, 277; Black Square and Socialist Realism, 62, 278, 280-1, 284, 287, 292; Suprematism, 59,61-2, 130-45, 278 Malkine, Georges, 44 Mallarmé, Stéphane, 56,179,190-1, 354 Man Ray, 45, 301, 396 Manet, Édouard, 26, 210, 326 "Manet and the Post-Impressionists" (exhibition), 1-2 Manguin, Henri Charles, 323-4 manifestation of art, 256-7 Mann, Otto, 373 Mannheim, Karl, 245 Maori body, 311-13 Marc, Franz, 58, 66, 266, 267, 268 Marcuse, Herbert, 225, 226, 233, 255-6 Marinetti, F. T., 186-7,199,248, 342; and Futurist Manifesto, 4-5, 28-32; "varieté" and Dada, 376 "marvellous": Breton on, 8, 40-1 Marx, Karl, 174-5, 199, 213, 220, 226, 272, 279; and fetishism, 381, 385-6 Marxism: and avant-garde, 220, 236, 248-9, 279; and culture, 221-3; and Soviet ideology, 284-5; and Surrealism, 8 Masaccio, 210 masculinity: domination in avant-garde art, 298-9, 320-36; and modernism, 299-300, 337-43 masquerade: masculinity as, 341-2 mass culture, 155-61; avant-garde and "hidden dialectic" 223-9; and Dadaism, 374; "kitsch" 159-60, 192-200, 201-3; mechanical reproduction, 157-8,174-87, 223-4; Modernism and work of art, 201-15, 232; ornament see mass ornament; public reception, 181-2 mass ornament, 156-7, 162, 165-8, 171-3 Masson, André, 45, 383 materialism, 82, 94, 213; and avant-garde in Russia, 280-1, 287-8; historical materialism, 218, 280, 281 mathematics as art, 88 Matisse, Henri, 2, 4, 21-7, 45, 56, 60, 190; and female nude, 22-3, 325, 328, 330; Fry on, 16; Kandinsky on, 99 Mauclair, Camille, 353 Mauss, Marcel, 384 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 204,205,211,223, 248,250,284 Mazdaznan, 55 Mead, Igor, 274-5 mechanical reproduction of art, 157-8, 174-87, 223-4; see also kitsch media and Dadaism, 301, 374-5, 376 Meier-Graefe, Julius, 1 Melville, Herman, 313 Menkov, M., 145 Mercereau, Alexandre, 352 Metaphysical Painting, 60 metropolis, 156 Metzinger, Jean, 63 Meyerhold, Vsevolod Emillevich, 226 408 Index Michelangelo, 16, 133, 134 Miller, Christopher, 312 mime and Neo-Plasticism, 152 mind: Breton on, 39—40 Minimalism, 159 Mirbeau, Octave, 317, 387 Mirò, Joân, 190, 329 Modernism, 158-9, 201-17; and masculinity, 299-300, 337—43; Williams on, 231, 232, 240, 241-3, 246-7, 250-1; see also avant-garde; mass culture Modersohn-Becker, Paula, 266, 325-6 Modigliani, Amedeo, 333 Moerenhout, Jacques Antoine, 315, 316-17 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 206 Mondrian, Piet, 54, 56, 62,146-53, 190 Monet, Claude, 23 montage, 156-7, 206-7; Bürger on, 259-61; see also papiers collés, photomontage Montfried, Daniel de, 305, 307 Montmartre, 349, 355, 356 Monument to the Third International (Tatlin), 6, 8, 35 Moréas, Jean, 354 Moreau, Gustave, 45, 55-6, 69-70, 322 Morice, Charles, 305, 319 Morise, Max, 44, 48 Morris, William, 202, 203 movement: and avant-garde, 209-10; Kandinsky on spiritual in art, 95-8, 109-12; Malevich on Futurism, 137-8; Matisse on sculpture, 23; in Post-Impressionism, 16, 17 Mueller, Otto, 327 Mukarovsky, Jan, 201 Müller, Max, 386 Munch, Edvard, 307, 323 Münchner Illustrierte Presse, 216 Munich: House of German Art, 234, 235, 265-9 Murger, Henri, 343 museums: Futurist view of, 30, 31; and Socialist Realism, 276, 291 music and art, 13, 14; effect of color, 100-19; as imitative art, 199-200; Neo-Plasticism and harmony, 150-2 Mussolini, Benito, 198, 199, 269 mystery and creation, 128-9 mysticism, 55 mythologization, 168-9,171,172,173; of Gauguin as primitive, 297-8, 304-18 naive art, 248 National Socialism see Nazism nationalism in France, 351-2 naturalism, 73, 83; and art of savage, 131, 133; in Russia, 283 nature: Kandinsky on, 117-21; savage art as repetition of, 131-40; and sexual difference, 326-7, 328 naturism, 354 Naville, Pierre, 44 Nazism, 157, 198-9, 249; and art, 234, 235, 265-9, 270-1; neo-classicism, 266, 267, 268, 275, 282; see also Hitler, Adolf Nedoshivin, G., 286 negation of synthesis, 261, 264 negative empathy, 81 Negt, Oskar, 221 Nekrasov, Nikolai Alexeievich, 211 neo-avant-garde, 234, 257 neo-classicism in Nazi Germany, 266, 267, 268,275,282 Neo-Impressionism, 98, 148 Neo-Plasticism, 62, 63, 146-53 neo-Symbolist poetry, 351, 354-5, 358 Nerval, Gerard de, 43-4 Neue Jugend, 366 "Neue Sachlichkeit, Die" 9, 50-1 Nevinson, C. R. W., 342-3, 348 "New Art History" 297 New Man, 288, 292, 293 New Objectivity, 9, 50-1 New Plastic see Neo-Plasticism New Right, 251 "new woman" 337 New Torker; The, 193 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 5, 54, 60, 224, 241, 247 409 Index nihilism, 247 "noble savage" 311 Nolde, Emil, 58, 266, 327 Noll, Marcel, 44 nonconformism and Surrealism, 49 "noncontemporaneity" 234 nonsynchronism, 234, 253 Nordau, Max, 344 n Novalis, 48n, 88 nude see female nude; male nudes objectism/objectivism: and Cubism, 141-2; and Futurism, 137, 138, 141 objectivity see "New Objectivity" objects: Surrealist object, 388-93 occultism, 55 Old Masters, 19 Oppenheim, Meret, 393 orange, 114-15 ornament, 118, 121; mass ornament, 156-7, 162, 165-8, 171-3 Orpheus myth, 326-7 Orphism, 63 Ortner, Sherry, 326 Orton, Fred, 307 Ozenfant, Amédée, 67 painting: Aurier on, 76, 78; Benjamin on mass culture, 181-2, 184-5; Kandinsky on, 100-23; Modernist view of, 210, 211; Russian avant-garde's rejection of, 278-9, 290-1; and Soviet Realism, 281^1 papiers collés, 259, 260; political and ideological context, 300, 349-63 parade, 342-3 Paris: and avant-garde, 349, 351-9, 362; monuments and fetishism, 396 Paris Dada, 223, 225 Parrish, Maxfield, 194 Parsons, Elsie Clews, 345 Partisan Review, 159, 160, 194, 236 Pascin, Jules, 324 patrons, 334, 356-8 Paul-Boncour, Joseph, 353 Peau de l'Ours, Le, 355, 356 Pechstein, Max, 266, 327 Péladan, "Sar" 4, 26, 27,123 perception and mass culture, 158, 178, 184-5 Péret, Benjamin, 44 Phalange, La, 354 phallus: in avant-garde, 330; and masculine identity, 342 phantom objects, 392-3 photography: as evidence, 180-1; and fetishism, 395-6; as mass medium, 205-6; reproduction of art, 176, 177, 179,223-4 photo-journalism, 206 photomontage, 156-7, 206-7, 260, 277 physical training, 172 Picabia, Francis, 45, 373 Picasso, Pablo, 2,45, 190, 331; collectors and patrons, 356-8; modes of production, 356-9; paintings of women, 324, 328-9, 330; papiers collés, 259, 260, 300, 349-51, 359-63; Repin comparison, 159,194, 195,197,202 Picon, Gaétan, 44 Piero della Francesca, 15 Pietz, William, 301, 382, 385, 387-8 Piscator, Erwin, 250 Pissaro, Camille, 308, 317, 318 Pittura Metafìsica, 60 placards, 205 place, 298; Picasso in Paris, 349, 351-9, 362 "planity" 278 plastic art: Constructivism, 35; Mondrian on, 147; see also Neo-Plasticism Plato, 200; cave allegory, 74 Poème et Drame, 353 "poems without words" 6 poetics, 201, 211-12 poetry: of avant-garde, 190-1 ; and music, 199-200; neo-Symbolist, 351, 354-5, 358 Pointillism, 148 Poiret, Paul, 357 politics: and art, 212-15; and avant-garde, 189-90, 197-9, 219-23, 231-95, 331-2, 352-3; and film, 156, 162; 410 Index and mass culture, 158, 160-1, 185-7; Nazism and art, 234, 265-9; and Picasso's papiers collés, 349-54, 359-63; revolutionary art, 270-3; Socialist Realism and avant-garde, 274-95; see also Communism; fascism; Nazism; Soviet Russia; totalitarianism Pollock, Griselda, 298, 307, 308 Polynesia: Gauguin in, 310-18 Pont-Aven group, 56, 307-9 Pop art, 220, 221 popular culture see mass culture Popular Fronts, 249, 250 portrait photography, 180 positive empathy, 81 Post-Impressionism, 1-3,13-17 posters, 205 Pound, Ezra, 190, 340, 341 Pre-Raphaelites, 99, 243 pre-rational, 248-9 primitive culture: and abstraction, 58, 85-90; and fetishism, 301, 381-6, 391, 394; Gauguin as savage, 297-8, 304-18; Malevich on art of the savage, 131-40; and Modernism, 243, 248, 343,344n "primitives, the" (C14/15 artists), 2-3, 15, 57, 117 Primitives/primitivism (C19/20 artists), 53, 94; Gauguin, 297-8, 305-18; Primitivism in 20th-century Art exhibition, 298; virility and domination in avant-garde art, 328-9 printing, 175-6 "production art" 204, 253-1, 257 productivism, 225, 226, 279-80; see also Constructivism prolecult, 225, 226 propaganda in Russia, 204-5, 281, 289 "psychic automatism" 8 psychoanalysis: and fetishism, 386-8, 394; and film, 182, 183; sublimation, 271-2; and Surrealism, 236-7, 248; see also Freud psychology and need for art, 84-91 Puget, Pierre, 23 pulp fiction, 258 Puni, Ivan, 145, 279 Punin, Nikolai, 289-90 puns: Picasso's papiers collés, 349, 360 Pushkin, Alexander, 211 Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, 56, 78 Puy, Jean, 323-4 Raphael: Matisse on, 26-7 RAPKh, 283 RAPP, 282, 283 rationalism/rationalization: and capitalism, 169-71; and mass culture, 156, 158, 168-9, 171-2, 173; utilitarian reason, 139; Verfremdungseffekt, 227 Raymond, Marcel, 354 Read, Herbert, 65 n, 391 Realism, 60, 84,121,208-9; and ideist art, 73-4; Malevich on, 132, 135, 143-5; and Socialist Realism, 237, 274-5, 277-8, 282-4 reason see rationalism/rationalization reception: Benjamin on architecture, 185; Bürger on avant-garde, 254, 257-8, 262-3; of Dadaism, 263; of mass culture, 181-2 red, 102, 103, 113-14, 117,118-19 Redon, Odilon, 56 religion and fetishism, 386 Renaissance art: Malevich on, 133, 134 Renoir, Pierre Auguste, 26 Repin, Ilya, 141, 283; Picasso comparison, 159,194,195,197, 202 reproduction of art, 157-8, 174-87, 223—t; see also kitsch Reverdy, Pierre, 46-7 revolutionary socialism, 247, 248-9, 270-3 Revue Hébdomadaire, 26 Revue rouge, 353 rhythm: Kandinsky on, 109; and Neo- Plasticism, 150, 153; in Post- Impressionism, 14,16,17 rhythmic gymnastics, 173 Rice, Anne Estelle, 338, 346 Riefenstahl, Leni, 162 Riegl, Alois, 58, 82-3, 86-7, 88-9, 163, 178 411 Index Rilke, Rainer Maria, 158, 183, 190 Rimbaud, Arthur, 190, 367 ritual and art, 157-8, 179-80 Rivera, Diego, 236, 270-3 Riviere, Joan, 341, 342 Rockwell, Norman, 195 Rodchenko, Alexander, 205, 226, 277, 278, 279-80 Rodin, Auguste, 26, 27 Röhm, Ernst, 269n Roller, Alfred, 3 Roman art, 178 romanism, 354 Romanticism, 54, 63, 88, 91 , 200, 243 Rosenberg, Alfred, 267 Rosenberg, Harold, 219 Rosenblum, Robert, 349-50, 361 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 98, 99 Rouault, Georges, 56 Royal Academy, 337, 338 Royère, Jean, 354 Rozanova, Olga, 145 Rubiner, Ludwig, 370 Rupf, Hermann, 355 Ruskin, John, 203 Russia see Soviet Russia Russian Association of Proletarian Artists (RAPKh), 283 Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP), 282, 283 Russian Formalism, 201, 209-12, 213 sacral art, 253^4 Sacred Spring see Ver Sacrum Saincère, Olivier, 356 Saint-Pol-Roux, Pierre-Paul, 40 Saint Simon, Henri de, 161, 219, 220 Salmon, André, 355, 358 Salomé myth, 322, 326-7 Salon d'Automne, 356 Saturday Evening Post, 188, 195 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 208 savage see primitive culture Schiller, Friedrich von, 222, 233 Schilling, Erna, 299 Schmarsow, August, 84 Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl, 266 Schoenberg, Arnold, 158 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 54, 60, 87, 92n Schorske, Carl E., 3 Schwitters, Kurt, 223 scientific organization of labor, 226 sculpture: "agonising quality of the cubic" 89-90; Matisse on, 23, 24; and Neo- Plasticism, 149 Secession movement, 3A Second International, 220 Segalen, Victor, 305, 312, 313 Segantini, Giovanni, 98, 99 self-alienation, 90-1 semiotics, 201, 213-15, 350; see also sign/ signification Semper, Gottfried, 82-3 sensation: Benjamin on perception, 178; Matisse on, 22-3, 24, 25-6 Serner, Walter, 5, 372, 376 Seurat, Georges Pierre, 2, 45 Sevost'ianov, E. I., 283 sexism in avant-garde art, 330-1 sexuality: and fetishism, 386-7, 388, 395; masculinity and modernism, 337-4:3; virility and domination in avant-garde art, 299-300, 320-35; see also erotic Shahn, Ben, 204 Shchukin, Sergei, 357 Sheppard, Richard, 58, 66 Shklovsky, Viktor, 210-11 shock techniques, 227-8, 262-3 Sickert, Walter, 341 sign/signification: Cubism, 208-9; "significant form" 2, 57; signs in ideist art, 74, 75; see also semiotics Signac, Paul, 21, 25 Simenon, Georges, 193 Simmel, Georg, 156 simultaneity, 6, 351 Sisley, Alfred, 23 Sjeklocha, Paul, 274-5 social class: avant-garde and elite, 4,191-2, 204; and culture, 200, 214; and kitsch, 196-7; Williams on bourgeoisie, 243-7; of women in avant-garde bohemia, 333-4; see also bourgeoisie 412 Index social Darwinism, 338-9 social realism in American art, 203—1 socialism see Communism; Marxism; revolutionary socialism Socialist Realism, 62, 207, 220, 222, 250; human subjects, 289-90; ideology of, 276, 284-9, 291-3; and kitsch, 194; transition from avant-garde to, 8, 237, 274-95 Société de le Peau de l'Ours, La, 355, 356 Society of Easel Painters (OST), 277, 282 Socrates, 279 solipism and Surrealism, 258 Solomon-Godeau, Abigail, 297-8, 304-19 Solov'ev, Vladimir, 278 "soluble fish" 49 Sots Art movement, 277 "sound poems" 6 Soupault, Philippe, 8, 42-3, 44, 48, 49 Soviet Russia: avant-garde, 221, 225-8, 235-6, 237, 249-50, 274-95; Breton on, 271, 272-3; Bürgin on, 204-5; Formalism, 201, 209-12, 213; kitsch in, 194, 195, 197, 201-3; Socialist Realism, 207, 237, 274-95; technology cult, 225-7; see also Stalin, Joseph Spencer, Herbert, 344 n Sphinx, 322 spiritual in art, 55-60; Kandinsky on, 93-127 spiritual dread of space, 85-6 Stalin, Joseph, 215, 221, 235-6, 273; and kitsch, 198, 199, 202; and Socialist Realism, 286-8, 290, 291, 293; see also Soviet Russia Stein, Gertrude, 325, 355, 357, 358 Stein, Leo, 355, 356, 357, 358 Steinbeck, John, 193 Steinberg, Leo, 164 Steiner, Rudolf, 62 Steinlen, Théophile Alexandre, 355 Stevens, Wallace, 190 Stockholm Workers' Commune, 240, 241, 243 Stolzing, Walter, 172 Stott, William, 207 Stramm, August, 183 Streicher, Julian, 269 Strindberg, August, 240-1, 242, 247 Stuck, Franz von, 98 Studio, The, 343 "stylization" 125 subconscious: Malevich on, 138—10 subjectivity, 76, 79-80 sublation of art, 255, 258 sublimation, 271-2 suffragism, 339 supernaturalism, 43—1 "superstructure" 285, 289, 290, 292 Suprematism, 8, 59, 61-2, 132, 135—15, 237,278 Surikov, Vasilii, 283 Surrealism, 60, 200; Breton's definition, 44; Bürger on, 233, 258,261-2; and fetishism, 301-2, 381-99; First Manifesto, 8, 36—19, 389; and Freud, 8, 38-9, 42, 236-7, 248; and politics, 248, 250; Second Manifesto, 8; and solipism, 258; Surrealist object, 388-93 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 55, 57, 73 Symbolism, 5, 54, 60, 209, 308; Aurier's ideist art, 55-6, 71-8; masculine portrayal of women, 322; neo- Symbolist poetry, 351, 354-5, 358 syndicalism, 352-3 synthetism, 56, 63, 76, 308, 317 "taboo" 381-2 Taeuber-Arp, Sophie, 372 Tahiti: Gauguin in, 310-18 Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 37 Tadin, Vladimir, 6, 8, 35, 226, 278, 279-80 technology, 155; aesthetics of, 285-6; and avant-garde, 223-9, 280-1; reproduction of art, 157-8, 174-87, 223-4 Teha'amana (Gauguin's mistress), 315-16 Telingater, S., 207 Tendenzkunst, 207 theater and Neo-Plasticism, 152-3 413 Index Theosophy, 55, 59, 62 theurgy, 278 "thing in itself" 87, 88 Third International: Monument to, 6, 8, 35 "thought-writing" 42-3 Tibullus, Albius, 86 Tickner, Lisa, 5, 299-300, 337-48 Tiller Girls, 156, 165-8, 171 time: philosophy of, 54-5 Titian: Matisse on, 26-7 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 202, 205, 214 Todorov, Tzvetan, 209 Tolstoy, Leo, 1 totalitarianism: and art, 271-2; and kitsch, 159,160,198-9, 202; see also fascism; Nazism; Soviet Russia totemism, 384, 394 Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 10, 333 tradition: Benjamin on, 179; and Russian Formalism, 209 tragic plastic, 147, 148 transcendentalism, 4, 54, 60 Tretyakov, Sergei, 194, 226, 227-8 triangle, 95-6, 109, 125 Triumph of the Will (film), 162 Troost, Paul Ludwig, 238 Trotsky, Leon, 160, 236-7, 270-3 Tucholsky, Kurt, 250 Tugendkhol'd, la. A., 283, 289-90 Tzara, Tristan, 5, 6, 33, 258, 375 Uccello, Paolo, 45 Uhde, Wilhelm, 355, 356, 358 Ungleichzeitigkeit, 234 Union of Austrian Artists, 18-20 Union of Soviet"Artists, 288 United States see American art universal: Mondrian on, 146, 147 Universal Exhibition (1889), 308, 313 "utilitarian" art, 277, 281 utilitarian reason, 139 Vaché, Jacques, 372, 377 Valadon, Suzanne, 326 Valéry, Paul, 56, 174, 176, 190-1, 257 Vallotton, Félix, 324 van Dongen, Kees, 299, 323, 333 Van Gogh, Vincent, 2, 56, 126 vanguard painting see avant-garde variété, 366, 376 Vasari, Giorgio, 210 Venus de Milo, 133, 134 Ver Sacrum editorial, 3-4, 18-20 Vereinigung bildener Künstler Österreichs, 18-20 Verfremdungseffekt, 27-8 verism, 51 vermilion, 101 Vers et Prose, 354, 355 Vertov, Dziga, 206, 226 Viaud, Julien, 313 Vienna Genesis, 178 Vienna Secession, 3-4, 18-20, 232 violet, 114-15 virility: domination in avant-garde art, 298-9, 320-36; and masculine identity, 300, 341-3 Vischer, Friedrich, 91 Vischer, Robert, 91 Vitrac, Robert, 44, 48 Vlaminck, Maurice de, 2, 163, 324, 327, 329,333-1 volition, 58, 80; "artistic volition" 82-5 Volkelt, Johannes, 91 Volkonsky, Prince S. M., 124 Vollard, Ambroise, 357 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, 366-7 Vorticism, 5, 250, 300 Wagner, Richard, 54, 268 Waiden, Herwath, 54 Walton, William, 313 Wanderers, the, 142, 275, 276, 283, 291 war: Benjamin on, 186; and Futurism, 5; technology and art, 224-5; see also Balkan Wars; World War I Ward, Martha, 56 Warnod, André, 355 Weber, Max, 156 Whistler, James Abbott McNeill, 340 white, 110, 112-13 Wickhoff, Franz, 178 Wilde, Oscar, 55, 126 414 Index "will to form" 58 Will-Levaillant, Françoise, 350 Willette, Adolphe, 355 Williams, Raymond, 203, 231-2, 240-52, 361 Wind, Edgar, 210 Wittkower, Rudolph and Margot, 344 Wölfflin, Heinrich, 1, 91, 162-3 women: and art history, 298-9; as artists, 325-8,337,338,339-40; and bohemian lifestyle, 332—1, 340-1; and culture, 326-7; in Gauguin's work, 309-10; Mondrian on tragic in art, 148; responses to female nude, 335; as threat in social Darwinism, 339; see also female nude Women's International Art Club, 340 Woolf, Virginia, 342 Workers' Commune, Stockholm, 240, 241,243 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 160, 203-4, 205, 207-8 "world cabaret" 301 World War I, 63, 224-5, 300 Worringer, Wilhelm, 57-9, 60, 79-92 Wouters, Rik, 324 WPA, 160, 203-1, 205, 207-8 Wright, Almroth, 339 Yeats, W. B., 190, 191,250 yellow, 101, 102, 110-12 Young, Andrew, 44 Zakharina-Unkovsksaia, A., 125 zero of form, 130, 143 Zhdanov, Andrei Alexandrovich, 221 Ziegler, Adolf, 234 Zurich Dada, 223, 225, 300 Zweig, Stefan, 156 415 |
