| Volltext: | Index Aal to, Alvar, 135 Abakanowicz, Magda, 138 A bell, Walter, 27, 246 n.7, 308 n. 14 Abu an-Nafzawi, and The Perfumed Garden, 357 AChRR, 259, 262 Action painting, 91, 107, 111, 323 Adam, Leonard, 59 Aesthetic values. See Value Albee, Edward, 243 Alberti, Leon Battista, 89, 156 Aldrich, Robert, 355 Aleatory composition, 95, 104, 110, 320, 331 Alhazen, 156 Alienation artist as outsider, 238 and commitment to social change, 239, 320-326 and disalienation, 73, 148, 233-234, 237- 240, 304-305, 308 n. 15, 309, 317, 327- 338 and "ivory tower attitude, 66, 73, 239, 322-323, 330 and the prophetic character of art, 240, 280, 288, 304, 329 and sexuality, in art, 373-389 in socialism, 286-287, 329-330 and time, 332 Ambiguity, 76, 115 Analogon in art. See Mimetic art Andreyev, Leonid, 322 Antal, Frederick, 307 n.8 Antiart, 2, 319, 335 Antinomies, 225, 229, 386-387 Antiutopias, 278-279 Antonioni, Michelangelo, 135, 189-190, 374 Appia, Adolphe, 95, 193 Applied arts, 118, 130, 137, 261-262, SOS-Si 7, 332 Appraisal, aesthetic, 164, 168, 170-171. See a/so Explanation; Valuation Aquinas, Thomas, 109, 232 Aragon, Louis, 239, 289 Archetype, 27, 142, 147, 349-351 Architecture, peculiarities of, 117, 262, 312, 357, 383 Aretino, Pietro, 378 Aristotle. 118, 136, 199 n.3, 251, 253. See also Mimetic art, Aristotelian tradition of Arnheim, Rudolf, 24-27, 170, 179 n. 12, 191, 207 Art, definition of, 67, 71, 74-78, 88-121, 363. See also Valuation; Value "Art for art's sake." See Alienation Artifact, artistic, 71, 75, 114, 117 direct and mediated, 109-110 Artist, as institution, 67, 114, 252. See also Individuality Artistic value. See Value Arts and crafts movement, 95 Aschenbrenner, Karl, 6, 153 n.9, 188 Assafiev, Boris, 201 n. 11 Attitude, aesthetic, 17, 30, 62, 67, 72, 76, 96, 124 n. 18 contemplation vs. cooperation, 77-78, 96, 110-111, 120, 122 Auerbach, Erich, 204, 307 n. 5 Autant-Lara, Claude, 374 Authenticity (spontaneity, immediacy), artistic, 7, 112, 116, 123 n. 12, 141, 154 n. 18. See also Sincerity Autonomy of art, relative, 45, 60, 67, 72, 101, 105-109, 114, 120, 203 Autotelicism of art, 60, 63, 67, 69, 73, 75, 106, 114, 116, 363 Avant-garde, 70-73, 88-96, 107, 114, 133, 140-141, 147, 215, 248 n.20, 261, 318, 372. See also Novelty; Realism, socialist Axiology. See Value Ayer, Alfred, 15, 168 Babel, Isaac, 276-277, 286 Baez, Joan, 138 Bakhtin, Mikhail M., 142, 301-303 394 Index Balance, artistic, 105, 189, 320 Balzac, Honoré de, 322, 327 Barbusse, Henri, 261 Barthes, Roland, 203-204, 216, 221-222, 387 Bartôk, Bela, 143 Baudelaire, Charles, 322, 325, 372 Bauhaus, 92, 106. See also Gropius Baumgarten, Alexander, 20, 156 Baxandall, Lee, 340 n.9 Bayer. Raymond, 1, 179 n. 12 Bazin André, 209 Beardsley, Monroe, 2, 4, 8, 21. 23, 33. 68- 69 73-74, 129, 168, 176 Beauty and the beautiful, 90,94, 128, 156, 194 feminine, 365, 371 See also Value Beauvoir, Simone de, 220 Bellnsky, Valerion, 75 Bell, Clive, 19 Bellamy, Edward, 240 Benjamin, Walter, 92, 358 Benn, Gottfried, 194 Bense, Max, 98 Berg, Alban, 142 Bergman, Ingmar, 208, 375 Bergson, Henri, 91, 94 Bernini Gianlorenzo, 326 Bialoszewski, Miron, 219 Biological predisposition, to aesthetic value, 41, 43, 119, 175 Birkhoff, George 20, 22 Blaue Reiter, 194 Boas. Franz, 59, 86 n 58 Boas. George. 28-29. 39 Bodkin, Maud, 27, 350 Borges, Jorge Luis 314 Bosch, Hieronymus, 213 Boucher, François 369 Bouhours, Dominique, 157 Boy-Zelenski, Tadeusz, 353 Brancusi, Constantin, 89 Brandys, Kazimierz, 91 Brantôme, Pierre 370 Braque, Georges 207-208 Braudel. Fernand, 85 n.56 Bread and Puppet Theater, 194 Brecht, Bertolt, 101 109 133 141, 193, 194, 239, 288 312 326 332 Breton André 97 111 312 Brik. Osip 93 Brook. Peter, 193 Brücke 194 Bücher, Karl, 59, 334 Bukharin, Nikolai. 258, 273 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 131 Bullough, Edward, 12, 14, 17 Bunuel, Luis, 244 Burke, Edmund, 21-24, 103, 157 Burn, Emil, 135 Butor, Michel, 135 Cage, John, 3, 96, 111, 118, 318 Calder, Alexander, 107 Camp taste, 149 Camus, Albert, 108, 324-325 Capitalism and art, 94, 238. See also Alienation Carpets, Persian, 138 Cassirer, Ernst, 310 Catharsis, 77, 370, 389 Catholic personalism, 92 Caudwell, Christopher, 43, 116, 335 Caws, Peter, 52 Censorship, 136, 147, 150, 252, 288, 289 n. 14, 328, 364, 375, 385, 389 Cervantes, Miguel de, 236, 238, 240 Cézanne, Paul, 89 Chagall, Marc, 195, 213 Chance, and the structure of art, 9, 90-91, 94-95, 108, 111, 244, 323 Chaplin, Charles, 132, 208 Child, Arthur, 41 395 Index Childe, Gordon, 62 China, People's Republic of, 325, 331 Christiansen, Broder, 103 Chwistek, Leon, 214-215 Cinema. See Mimetic art, cinematic mode Class, social, and art norms of judgment, 147, 260, 328, 363 proletarian art, 259, 325 structure and conflicts, 70, 88, 238, 295, 299, 302 "vulgar sociologism" 298 See also Proletcult Classical works of art, 151 Classicism, 131 Clouzot, Henri-Georges, 375, 382 Cognition characteristic of all art, 226, 310, 320 cognition-laden vs. artistic-cognitive art, 314-317 and constituent artistic values, 115, 183- 199, 211-213, 248 n.20, 264, 299, 310- 317 Coleridge, Samuel T., 199 n.3 Collage, 120, 356 Collingwood, Robin G., 14-15 Commercial art, 146, 239, 381 Commodity status of art. See Alienation Comprehensibility (communicativeness) of art, 93, 146, 155 n.25, 229, 259, 261, 267, 270 Conceptual art, 92, 96, 120, 224, 318, 339 n.3, 360 Concrete poetry, 95 Constable, John, 206-208 Construction-function-form syndrome (applied arts), 6, 103, 130, 145, 154 n. 12, 257 Constructivism, 89, 92, 106 Content of art, 103, 130, 137, 140, 203, 209, 218, 227-228, 297, 301 Continuum, 117, 129, 223, 235, 240, 371 Conventions. See Symbols Cortazar, Julio, 77 Counterfeiting of art, 112, 122 n. 70, 140 Craft (skill, métier), 75, 91, 95, 109-110, 112, 120, 149, 253, 316. See also Technique Craig, Gordon, 95, 140, 193, 322 Creativity, aesthetic collective, 92, 94 and definition of art, 114, 155 n.31 and freedom, 272 origin of, 62-72 and realized expression, 185, 214, 219 as subject matter, 77 and unconscious, 186 Criticism, specific related to aesthetic axiology, 55, 57, 136, 175 related to artistic praxis, 251, 271 Croce, Benedetto, 2, 14-15, 91, 139, 142 Cruikshank, George, 371 Cubism, 89, 106, 205, 207, 356 Cummings, e. e., 140 Cunningham, Merce, 96, 111 Curtius, Ernst Robert, 349-351 Cybernetics, and aesthetics, 5, 109-111, 140, 330 Dada, 2-3, 89-90, 92, 106, 108, 141, 170, 356 Dante Alighieri, 232, 235, 286 Darwin, Charles, 43 David, Jacques-Louis, 252, 326 Debussy, Claude, 131, 322 Definition of art. See Art De Kooning, Willem, 135 Delacroix, Eugène, 131 Delaunay, Robert, 89 Deila Volpe, Galvano, 295, 302 Denotation vs. connotation, 211-212, 217- 218, 230, 245 n.3 Depiction (description) in art, 220. See also Mimetic art 396 Index Derrida, Jacques, 221 De Sica, Vittorio, 210 Dewey, John, 11, 309, 311, 339 n.6 Diachronie vs. synchronie, 44-46, 69-71, 99, 101, 141, 344 Dickens, Charles, 326 Dickie, George, 33 Diderot, Denis, 21, 160, 236, 251, 253, 378 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 44, 196, 200 n.8, 303 n.21 Diogenes the Babylonian, 156 Direct apprehension. See Value judgment Disney, Walt, 217 Dispositional taste. See Taste Dissonance and consonance, 7, 13, 100 102, 194 Divinism, aesthetic, 23 Dominguez, Oscar, 111 Doniol-Valcroze, Jacques, 355 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 142 Dubos, Jean-Baptiste, 157 Duca, Lo, 374 Ducasse, C. J., 14, 17 Duchamp, Marcel, 2, 3, 89, 96, 106, 141, 147, 339 n.3, 356 Dufrenne, Mikel, 18, 191, 203, 204, 221 - 225, 247 n. 12, 248 n.20 Duncan, Isadora, 190 Dürer, Albrecht, 21, 156, 251 Dürrenmatt, Friedrich, 330, 332 Eco, Umberto, 76 Educative role of art, 269-272 Ehrenberg, Gustav, 325 Ehrenfels, Christian von, 24 Eidetic imagery, 59, 67, 75, 92-93, 102 Eikhenbaum, Boris, 70, 142, 218 Einstein, Albert, 94 Eisenstein, Sergei, 109, 208, 239 Ekman, Rolf, 147 El Greco, 190 Eliot, T. S„ 93, 324, 352-353 Elton, William, 33 Emotionalist theory of art, 9, 164 Empathy theory of art, 12, 16-17, 187-188, 197-198, 235 Empiricist theory of art, 18-22, 139, 216 Ernst, Max, 89, 356 Eroticism, and art, 364, 366, 367-378, 389 Estrangement effect, 101 Ethics, and aesthetics, 177, 284 Ethnocentrism, and aesthetic norms, 30-41, 56, 76 Evaluation (grading, scaling), aesthetic criteria of, 125-152 and explanation, 36-38 and ideology, 146-149 marxist tradition of, 154 nonresidual standards of, 145-149 residual standards of, 128-145', 149 and subcriteria, 150 and valuation, 6, 38, 136, 172-183 Everyday ob|ects, and aesthetics, 2-3, 89- 92, 105, 107, 118, 210, 261, 312-317, 329 Existentialism, 18, 44, 92, 216, 222, 232, 250 n.23, 386 Experience, aesthetic, 2-3, 123 n.18 criteria of, 151 -152, 311-312 and dada, 3, 311 emotions.involved in, 199 n.3 and expressive traits, 186-189, 191 as norm of value, 10-11, 156-157, 166 origin of, 45, 62, 67-69, 327 permanence of, 71-72 Se also Attitude; Homeostasis Explanation (and description), 36-38, 56, 170, 178 n.7. See also Appraisal Expression, 24, 26, 32, 75, 77, 99, 110, 118, 120, 131, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 148, 171,183-202, 205, 297, 302, 315, 363 genesis of, 199, 202 n. 11 and magic, 202 n. 1 / 397 Index Expression (continued) marxists' confusion with mimesis, 183, 196, 339 n.2 of psychosocial equivalents, 195-198 reductionist approaches to, 183 "virtually psychic" traits of, 184 Expressionism, 91, 194-195, 198 Family resemblance, in definition. See Wittgenstein Faulkner, William, 220, 324, 378 Fauvism, 89, 91, 215 Fechner, Gustav, 22 Fellini, Federico, 108, 135, 233-234, 374 F i s c h e r , E r n s t , 4 3 , 5 7 - 5 8 , 1 1 6 , 2 0 1 n . 1 1 , 244, 335 Flaubert, Gustave, 185, 322, 372 Flo, Juan, 28 Folk (popular) art, 29, 90, 111, 263 Form, 36, 58, 60, 62, 103-105, 120, 130, 137, 140, 203, 303 as composition, 104, 133 and content, in diverse arts, 103-104, 138, 145 and expression, 212 as type pattern, 104 Formalism, 18-19, 101, 145, 218, 303 Forster, E. M„ 201 n. 10 Fouquet, Jehan, 371 Francastel, Pierre, 214, 308 rt.14 Frazer, James, 59 Freud, Sigmund, 59, 91, 94, 336, 350, 365, 370, 372, 374, 387, 390 n.5. See also Wish fulfillment theory of art Friche, Vladimir, 298, 299, 304 Frisch, Max, 108, 332 Frondizi, Risieri, 52 Fry, Edward, 207 Fry, Roger, 224 Frye, Northrop, 27 Fuchs, Eduard, 370 Fuentes, Carlos, 288 Fügen, H., 306 n.5 Functions of art, 55, 130, 144, 152, 296- 297, 309-338, 369 central or Orphic, 315-326, 328, 337 "framing" or marginal, 312-319 para-aesthetic, Philoctetean, 314-326, 328, 332, 337 para-aesthetic, Promethean, 314-326, 328, 332, 337 Future of art, 77-78. See also Hegel Futurism, Russian in art, 316 in poetry, 93 Gabo, Naum, 107 Galecki, Jerzy, 18-19 Game, art as, 31 -35, 97 Garaudy, Roger, 123 n. 73, 233, 241, 244, 248 n.20, 290 n.20 Gaudi, 133, 195 Gautier, Theophile, 322 Genet, Jean, 121 Genetic approach to art, 41-46, 56-72, 85 n.55 psychogenesis vs. sociogenesis, 70 Genotype and phenotype, 76, 101, 116 Genre, 137, 138 Geometrism in art, 19, 63-64, 153 n.6 Gerard, Alexander, 157 Gestaltism, and aesthetic norms, 6, 17, 24- 27, 98, 105, 164-165, 191, 207 Gestures, aesthetic, 2-3 Giacometti, Alberto, 190, 217, 244 Gide, André, 108, 233 Gillespie, Dizzy, 333 Gil I ray, James, 371 Ginsberg, Alan, 334 Giraudoux, Jean, 133 Godard, Jean-Luc, 95, 108, 120, 318 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 236, 240 398 Index Gogh, Vincent van, 134, 190, 194, 196 Gogol, Nikolai, 142, 236 Golden Lotus, The, 376 Goldmann, Lucien, 122 n.4, 249 n.20, 299, 307 n. 9 Gombrich, Ernst, 206-208, 214 Goncharova, Natalia, 89 Goodman, Nelson, 199 n. 1, 245-246 n.3, 310-311, 339 n.2 Gorki, Maxim, 123 n. 13, 233, 239, 254, 255, 261-265, 269, 274, 277 Gotshalk, D. W., 86 n.58, 199 n.3 Gramsci, Antonio, 137, 155n.24 Greene, Theodore, 18-19, 143, 199 n.4, 245 n.7 Griffith, D. W., 140 Grochowiak, Stanislaw, 93 Groos, Karl, 59 Gropius, Walter, 91, 135, 141 Grossman, Leonid, 142 Grotowski, Jerzy, 194 Guillen, Nicholas, 239, 326 Gunsenhäuser, R„ 21 Hajdun, Janusz, 115 Hamlet, 36-39 Hampshire, Stuart, 177 Handke, Peter, 190, 330 Happenings, 3, 76, 96, 114, 120, 134, 147, 171, 311, 316, 360 Harmony, 62, 67, 77, 100, 105, 128, 189, 194, 318, 320, 328, 371 Hartman, Robert, 18, 20 Hasior, Wladislaw, 90 Hausenstein, Walter, 307 n.5 Hauser, Arnold, 299, 307 n.5 Heartfield, John, 356 Hedonist theory of art, 9, 164 Hegel, Georg W. F., 71, 78, 160, 196, 306 n.l, 327, 328, 329, 335 Heifetz, Jascha, 193 Heine, Heinrich, 325 Hemingway, Ernest, 233, 325 Hempel, Carl G., 51, 56 Herder, Johann G„ 48, 160, 253 Herskovits, Melvin, 39, 179 n.8 Heyl, Bernard C„ 8, 23, 27 Hierarchy, and aesthetics, 94, 129, 149, 312, 332 Hindemith, Paul, 189 Historicism, 27-28, 35-48, 56, 68, 88, 97- 99, 119, 129, 145, 160, 168, 171, 174- 175, 177, 215, 233, 304, 342, 363-364 Hofmann, Hans, 135 Hogarth, William, 21-22 Hölderlin, Friedrich, 328 Hollywood films, 138 Home, Henry, 157 Homeostasis, psychic, 68, 72, 124 n. 18 Homer, 235 Homo aestheticus, 327, 329, 335, 337. See also Alienation Hospers, John, 212-213 Housman, A. E., 133 Huizinga, Johan, 59 Hulme, T. E„ 93 Hume, David, 4, 126, 128, 153 n.2, 157 Husserl, Edmund, 222, 231. See also Phenomenology Hutchison, Francis, 157 Huxley, Aldous, 353-354, 382 Idealist theory of art, 242-243, 250 n.23, 252 Ideology, 41, 70, 195, 232, 235, 241, 256, 264-265, 303, 317, 321, 325, 328* 363 and genesis of art, 299 (diogenetic vs. allogeneic interpretation, 60-74, 303 Ikebana, 109-110 Illusionist theory of art, 7, 13, 90, 206, 209- 211, 313 Imagism, in English poetry, 93 Impressionism, 89, 215 Indeterminacy, 76, 91. See also Chance 399 Index Individuality, artistic, 31, 67, 70, 71, 75-76, 95, 110-114, 117, 135, 139-140, 186, 222, 304 as anthropomorphism, 229 and critical realism, 238-240 modern rejection of, 91-92, 96, 359-360 as "parole" 229 social role of, 320 as style or "signature" 190-191, 198 See also Originality Industrial (functional) art, 111, 154n. 12, 312-317, 334 Information theory of art, 91, 98, 309-317 Ingarden, Roman, 17-19, 81 n.23, 98, 102, 122 n.l, 123 n. 12, 124n.f9, 153 n.9, 155 n.25, 170, 176, 209, 218, 255 Ingres, Jean, 131, 372 Inspiration, 91 Instinct, aesthetic, 156-157, 162, 164, 167 Instrumentalism, 23-24, 29, 83 n.39, 167- 168, See also Ethnocentrism; Relationist theory of art Intellectualism, in art, 93, 108, 121, 131, 243, 318, 322, 335 Intensity of experience, 152 as quantifying standard for art, 130, 132, 138, 143 Intention, and the work of art, 184-185, 193, 196-197, 205 Interpretation, 36-39 Intuition, 48, 93, 99, 129, 165, 168. See also Direct apprehension Invariants (recurrent phenomena). See Permanence Ionesco, Eugene, 324 Isenberg, Arnold, 16 Ives, Charles, 357 Jaffe, Hans L. C., 214 Jakobson, Roman, 44, 69, 86 n.62, 103, 241, 301 Jazz, 111, 333-334 Jesuit doctrine of art, 252 Joad, C. E. M., 19 Josephson, Ernst, 134 Joyce, James, 131, 244, 364, 377 Judgment, artistic. See Value judgment Jung, C. G„ 27, 201 n.l I, 349-350 Kafka, Franz, 233-234, 244, 324-325, 332 Kagan, Moisei, 75, 86 n.60 Kahler, Erich, 33, 100, 106 Kandinsky, Vasily, 89, 134, 142, 205 Kant, Immanuel on aesthetic |udgment, 157-164, 178 n.l contemplation theory of, 10-12, 14 disinterestedness in the philosophy of, 10-11, 329 on evaluation, 153 n.3 on originality, 138-139 semblance (virtuality) in the philosophy of, 10-11 nota subjectivist, 127-128, 164, 176 Kaprow, Allan, 96, 111, 318 Kautsky, Karl, 43, 58 Keats, John, 328 Kennick, William E., 21-22 Khlebnikov, Velimir, 102, 170 Kinetic art, 91 Klee, Paul, 142, 213-214 Klein, Yves, 90 Kluckhohn, Clyde, 39 Kluver, Billy, 316, 318 Knight, Helen, 21 Kobayashi, Masaki, 190 Koestler, Arthur, 281-284, 289-290 n. 16 Koffka, Kurt, 24-25, 98 Köhler, Wolfgang, 24-25, 98 Kolakowski, Leszek, 387 Konarak, temple of, 376 Kotarbinska, Janina, 97 Kracauer, Siegfried, 40-41 Krechowicz, Jerzy, 115 400 Index Krieger, Murray, 1 Kris, Ernst, 390 n.5 Kronhausen, Eberhard and Phyllis, 375-378, 384 Kruchonykh, Aleksei, 102, 170, 219 Kuhn, Thomas, 73-74 Kurosawa, Akira, 189-190, 208, 216 Kyrou, Ado, 391 n. 15 Labor, and art, 57-72, 257, 261-262, 264. See also Bücher; ProletcuIt Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de, 378 Lafargue, Paul, 48 Larionov, Mikhail F., 89 Lavelle, Louis, 18 Lawrence, D. Pl., 364, 377, 382, 390 n.2, 391 n.9 Leakey, Louis, 61 Leary, Timothy, 390 n.3 Lebel, J. J., Ill, 193 Le Corbusier, 106, 135, 189 Lee, Vernon, 187 Lefebvre, Henri, 330 Léger, Fernand, 89, 239 Leibniz, G. W., 20, 156 Lenin, Vladimir I. 155 n.24, 260-261, 266, 270, 277, 299 Lessing, Alfred, 141 Lessing, Gotthold, 236, 251, 253 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 44, 59, 69, 99, 204, 301 Lewis, C. L, 6, 23, 175 Libido, and art. See Eroticism Lifshitz, Mikhail, 295, 300 Lipps, Theodor, 187 Lissitsky, Eliezer, 89 Living Theatre, 316 Lizzani, Carlo, 391 n. 15 Loewenthal, Leo, 306 n.5 London, Arthur, 284 Loos, Adolf, 106, 133 Loth, David, 391 n. 13 Lotman, Julij, 225, 307 n. 12. See also Tartu study center Lukâcs, Georg on anthropomorphism in art, 229 on the autonomy of works of art, 106 on the content of art, 137, 303 on mimesis, 196, 204, 246-247 n. 12, 275, 299, 306 n.4, 339 n.2 on the origin of art, 57-59 philosophy of, 295, 305, 307 n.8 on Solzhenitsyn, 285, 340 n.8 on the structure of art, 122 n.4, 204, 244, 248 n.20, 300 Lumière, Louis, 208 Luministic art, 91 Lunacharsky, Anatoli, 137, 155 n.24, 258, 261-262, 266-267, 270, 278 Lutoslawski, Witold, 135 Macdonald, Margaret, 16 Magic, and art, 57-72 Magnitude, as quantifying standard for art, 130, 132, 138, 143, 176 Mahler, Gustav, 131, 138, 194 Malevich, Kasimir, 89, 205 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 369 Mallarmé, Stéphene, 322 Malle, Louis, 374, 382 Malraux, André, 42, 227, 241 Mandelbaum, Maurice, 33 Manet, Edouard, 356, 372 Mann, Thomas, 244, 332 Mannheim, Karl, 207 Mao Tse-tung, 271 Marceau, Marcel, 247 n. 13 Marchlewski, Julian, 262 Marcuse, Herbert, 336, 337, 387, 389 Margolis, Joseph, 123 n. 12, 171 Marinetti, Filippo, 101 Marx, Karl on the constituent traits of art, 123 n. 13, 299-308 401 Index Marx, Karl (continued) methodology of, 40, 42-46, 65, 67, 72, 84 n.47, 85 n.55, 94, 100, 137, 147-148, 160, 163, 233, 238, 265, 287, 322, 327, 331, 347, 390 ml on realism, 116 Mass media, 29, 1)1 Material, artistic, 104, 140 expressiveness of, 188-189, 192, 198, 227 Matisse, Henri, 89 Matsa, Ivan, 259 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 93, 239, 257, 258, 276-278, 326 Meager, Ruby, 21, 33, 123 n.12 Mechanical reproduction, of art, 91 -92, 94, 204, 210, 318 as patterning, 208-210 See also Mimetic art, cinematic mode Medium, artistic, 53, 188-189 Mehring, Franz, 40 Mekas, Jonas, 95 Méliès, Georges, 208, 213 Memmi, Albert, 307 n.5 Mercier, Désiré, 50 Méré, Chevalier de, 157 Methodological approach, 44-57, 69-71, 119, 126-127, 135, 147-148, 175, 183, 240, 242, 295-296, 298-305, 362. See also Antinomies; Continuum; Marx; Paradigms; Typology Metz, Christian, 203, 209-211, 225 Meyer, Hermann, 360-361 Meyerhoff, Hans, 332 Meyerhold Vsevelod 109, 239, 256 Mickiewicz, Adam, 201 n. 10 Microcosm, work of art as, 106 Mikhailovsky, N, K., 142 Miller Henry, 364, 373, 378 Millett, Kate, 390-391 n.9 Mimetic art, 6, 58, 60, 62-64, 71, 77, 110, 114-116, 130-131, 135, 137-138, 140, 145-146, 171, 203-250, 297, 302, 313, 337, 363, 370 and abstraction, 205, 248 n.20 amimetism, 217 analogues (models), 211, 214-217, 223, 228-230, 232, 235, 245 n.3 and antimimetism, 89-95 Aristotelian tradition of, 204, 221-247, 248 ri.15, 265 cinematic mode, 204, 206, 208, 224 and colors, 247 n. 13 Democritean tradition of, 204 epistemology of, 214-217, 244 and expression, 183-184, 190, 196, 198, 222, 227-228, 247 n. 12 and fantasy, 211, 213, 220, 232, 312 homology as criterion of. See Goldmann mimetic-in-part, 213 and movement (dance), 247 n. 13 and narrative, 220 natura naturans, 228 and perception, 249-250 n.22 Platonic tradition of, 204-221, 242, 269 semimimetic works, 213, 219, 224, 247 n. 12 and socialism. See Realism, socialist and sounds, 247 n. 12 as universal category, 246-247 n. 12, 248 n.20 ut plctura poesis, 220 See also Cognition; Realism Minimal art, 92, 96, 134, 147, 200 n.7, 339 n.3 Miro, Joan, 142, 189, 213-214 Mlodoz'enec, Stanislaw, 101 Modigliani, Amedeo, 185 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo, 91 Molière, Jean-Baptiste, 236 Mondrian, Piet. 89, 131, 134, 205. 207 214, 217, 369 Montesquieu, Baron de, 157 Moore, George E., 18 402 Index Moore, Henry, 134, 190 Morality and art, 95, 106, 128, 138, 145-147, 149, 297, 320, 323 socialist, 265, 272 Morpurgo-Tagliabue, Guido, 1, 172, 176 Morris, Charles, 75 Morris, Desmond, 122 n.9 Morris, William, 91, 329 Morrissey, Paul, 379, 389 Mothersill, Mary, 33 Motivations vs. causes, 31-33, 36, 56, 69- 70, 163 Mrozek, Slavomir, 243 Mukarovsky, J„ 69, 218, 222, 225 Mukazhovski, Jan, 70 Mukerjee, Radhakamai, 307 n.5 Mumford, Lewis, 92 Munro, Thomas, 4, 298, 306 n. 1 Murdoch, Iris, 33 Music concrete" 111, 171, 247 n.13, 323 peculiar values of, 137, 138, 192, 266, 383 Musil, Robert, 131, 314, 332 Myrdal, Gunnar, 3-4 Myth and aesthetic theory, 27, 59, 123 n.13, 195, 316 and realism, 235, 248 n.20, 263 Nobis, 89 Nabokov, Vladimir, 373, 374, 378 Nagel, Ernst, 4 Na postu, 258, 260 Naturalism, 64, 90, 142, 204, 234, 242 243, 380 Nature, and aesthetic value, 2, 41, 58, 161, 163, 214 217, 227, 232-233, 245 n.l, 327, 350, 365. See a/so Sexuality Necessity, as compositional element. See Chance; Tendentiousness Neruda, Pablo, 239, 288 326 Nervi, Pier Luigi, 138 Nethedands Dance Theater, 376-377 Neumann, Erich, 350 New Criticism, American 218 Nexö, Martin Anderson 261, 274 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 94 Nono, Luigi, 383 Nouveau roman, 96, 234, 249 n.20, 307 n.9, 318, 322 Novel, 138, 218, 275 decline of, 95 omniscient narrator in, 90 Novelty (freshness), 7, 112, 138-144, 236 place m realism of, 236, 241, 260 and tradition, 360 Nudism, 387, 388 Objectivism mathematical (Pythagorean), 20, 48 moderate, 21, 46 as a theory of art, 10 23, 46-47, 145, 165, 363 Objets trouvés, 96, 106, 109, 110 Obscenity defined, 364-365, 367 hardcore, 378-383 partial, 378-383 OGasey, Sean, 288 Olivier, Laurence, 193 Ontologism. See Objectivism Opart, 91, 101, 118, 204 "Open ' artistic structures, 77, 96, 111, 120 Originality, as artistic attribute, 76, 112- 113, 128-135, 140, 145, 147, 154 n./8 Origins of art. See Genetic approach to art Orwell, George, 279, 285 286 Ossowska, Mana, 169, 174, 177 Ossowski, Stanislaw, 9, 13-14, 255 Panaestheticism, 42, 46, See also Relativist theory of art Panofsky, Erwin, 351 403 Index Paradigms, 54, 56, 74, 176, 216-217, 226 Parker, De Witt, 74, 104-106 Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 239 Pasternak, Boris, 290 n. 18 Patronage, artistic, 237-238, 252 Paxton, Joseph, 140 Peiper, Tadeusz, 140 Peking Opera, 194 Penderecki, Krzysztof, 135 Pepper, Stephen, 6, 129, 170 Pereverzev, V.F., 298-299 Performing arts, peculiarities of, 104, 123 n. 12, 192-194, 198, 391 n.l7 Permanence, and evanescence, in art, 41-42, 56, 71-74, 119-120, 241 Perse, St. John, 190 Perspective, in art, 47 Petroz'ycki, Leon, 168 Pevsner, Nikolaus, 107 Phenomenology, 18-20, 44-45, 172, 222, 245 n. 1, 386 Philosophy and aesthetic thought, 1, 6, 38, 51-52, 148, 169, 240, 241, 312-317, 319 vs. sociology, 295-296 and value facts, 5, 38, 52, 169 yielding artistic value, 138 Photography, 117 Physiognomy of art. See Expression Physiological equivalents, 5, 23. See also Gestaltism Picabia, Francis, 89, 106 Picasso, Pablo, 27, 89, 207, 213 Pilnyak, Boris, 258, 275 Piscator, Erwin, 355 Plato. 20, 156, 365. See also Mimetic art, Platonic tradition of Play and art (homo ludens), 59-60, 68, 72, 77, 111, 120, 122 n.9, 316, 318, 323, 328. See a/so Autotelicism of art Playboy, 387 Pleasure, aesthetic, 9. See also Experience Plekhanov, George an aesthetic "drives" 43, 58 on the content of art, 137, 260 on evaluafional standards, 154 n.l 1, 300, 322, 390 n. 1 on mimesis, 196, 306 n.4 on relativism, 40, 295-296, 303 Poetic pathos, 75 Pögeller, Otto, 351 Poinfi/lism, 89 Politics, and art, 145-146, 149, 233, 235, 252-288, 266-273, 297, 328, 366 Pollock, Jackson, 125, 189 Popart, 106-107, 125, 206, 311, 360 Popper, Karl, 207 Pornography. See Obscenity Poussin, Nicholas, 371 Prehistoric art, 61-66, 215, 368 Proletcult (proletarian culture), 92, 256, 261, 279, 316 Prophetic role of art, 95-96 Proust, Marcel, 43, 200 Przybyszewski, Stanislaw, 196, 380, 382 Psychologism. See Sub|ectivism Psychosocial equivalents. See Expression Pudovkin, V. I., 256, 257 Pushkin, Alexander, 236, 322 Quantification, 98, 130-138, 140, 176 Quotation authoritative, 344-345 erudite, 345-346 ornamental, 348-349 stimulative, 346-348 Rabelais, François, 370, 378 Radek, Karl, 273 Rader, Melvin I., 1, 4, 8, 306 n.2, 331 Raphael, Max, 62, 116, 304 RAPP, 256, 260 Rauschenberg, Robert, 90, 106 Ravel, Maurice, 131, 142 404 Index Ray, Man, 118, 142, 356 Read, Herbert, 27, 59, 322, 331, 335, 350 Realism, 63-67, 74, 114, 118, 137, 204-243 and artists' involvement in the world, 231, 241, 255, 272, 275 critical capitalist, 237-239 critical socialist, 239-240, 276-278, 287 as incorporating social processes, 236, 255, 264 and innovative subject matter, 241, 248- 249 n.20 as mimetism, 248 n. 15 and "modernism" 244 and ontology, 231, 255 as part of social process, 235, 240, 241 and transmutation, 221, 224, 227 as typology of "essences" 204, 221-222, 236-237, 246 n.3, 300 Realism, socialist, 235-237, 251-291 as attitude rather than style, 255, 264 as avant-garde, 265 conditions of production, 239, 256-257, 264-265 and "decadence" of other art, 265, 328 future of, 286-288 origins of, 254-265, 274 positive hero in, 236, 257, 275 project for adequate history of, 274-288 transformation to dogma of, 258-267 See also Politics Reasons, 31-33, 35-37, 39, 56, 125, 135- 136, 144-145, 163, 166, 171 Reception, aesthetic, 55, 136, 146, 214, 249- 250 n.22, 391 n. 19. See also Experience Referents, artistic, 203, 214-217, 229. See also Cognition; Expression; Mimetic art; Realism Reich, Wilhelm, 387 Reid, L, Arnaud, 147 Reinhardt, Ad, 339 Relationist theory of art, 23-27, 30-40, 46- 48, 56, 1 28 Relativist theory of art, 9, 27-40, 56, 95, 125-127, 144, 156, 165, 174, 214, 216, 363 Religion, and art, 62, 90, 95, 1 28, 145- 149, 235, 297, 365 Rembrandt, 131, 133-138, 185, 190, 369, 371 Renoir, Auguste, 369 Reportage, as art, 93, 108, 233 Report of the American Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, 366, 385 Representational art. See Mimesis Rescher, Nicholas, 40, 79 n.7, 80 n, 10, 11, 155 n.29 Restany, P., 1 22 n.9 Revai, Jozsef, 265 Rhythm and art, 57, 60, 62, 77, 102, 333 and expressiveness, 189 in cinema, 209, 224 Richards, I. A., 15 Richter, Sviatoslav, 193 Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas, 137 Rimbaud, Arthur, 322 Ritual, 61-65, 71, 120, 333-334 in modern theater, 95 "Rival world" of art. See Analogon; Autotelicism; Mimetic art Robbe-Grillet, Alain, 96, 121, 135, 234, 249 n.20 Robbins, Jerome, 190, 194 Rocha, Glauber, 326 Roche, Maurice, 220 Rock music, 132 Rococo, 368, 370 Rodchenko, Aleksander, 89 Romanticism, 131, 147, 194, 312 revolutionary, 263-264 Romm, Mikhail, 233 Rops, Felicien, 368-369, 379-380 Rosenberg, Harold, 200 n.7 Rouault, Georges, 195, 217, 244 405 Index Rowlandson, Thomas, 371 Rubens, Peter Paul, 371 Ruskin, John, 187, 324 Saarinen, Eero, 135, 189 Salinas, Giovanni, 41 Sarraute, Natalie, 234, 249 n.20 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 314, 325, 386, 388 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 44, 227, 297, 301 Scheler, Max, 19, 339 n.2 Schelling, F. W. J„ 20 Schiller, 250 n.23, 328, 331 Schönberg, Arnold, 95, 140 Schümmer, F., 179 Schwitters, Kurt, 102, 141 Science and artistic progress, 245 n. 1, 330 and value, 3-4, 312 Science fiction, 220 Scriabin, Alexander, 131, 383 Sebag, Lucien, 122 n.4 Second International, 40, 296, 306 n.3 Sedlmayer, Hans, 98 Segal, Jakub, 9-10, 17 Semantic-linguistic school, 15, 168, 310- 311. See also Weitz; Wittgenstein Semantic structure, 103, 211 Semiotics, 64, 69, 75, 98-99, 203, 211,216, 275, 297, 308, 311, 344 and aesthetic theory, 204, 231, 301-308 "transparent" and "opaque" signs, 75, 108, 225 Semisentience, of art objects. See Expression Sensibility, aesthetic, 6, 62 origins of, 67 See also Experience Sexuality, and art, 57, 61, 62, 66, 364-370, 388. See also Freud; Obscenity Shaftesbury, Lord, 157 Shakespeare, William, 236-240, 327 Shaumian, S. K., 76 Shklovsky, Viktor, 93, 142, 218 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 132, 233, 256, 257, 275, 280 Shostakovich, Dmitri, 266, 271, 384 Sibley, Frank, 35-36, 53-54, 171 Sicyonian school, 368 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 220 Sign, aesthetic. See Semiotics Signifiant and signifié, 203, 209, 211, 218, 225, 230, 301. See also Semiotics Sincerity, artistic, 112, 142-143, 184-186. See a/so Authenticity Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 239 Sjöman, Vilgot, 366, 379 Skill. See Craft Smith, Jack, 389 Sobeski, Michal, 9 Socialist realism. See Realism, socialist Sociologism as differing from marxism, 295-297 as a theory of art, 23-24, 27-41, 46, 119, 165 Sociology of art, 296-297 and sociologically based aesthetics, 297- 298 Sollers, Phillipe, 220 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 285-286, 290 n. 19, 330, 332 Sophists, 156 Sorokin, Pitirim, 39 Soutine, Haim, 195, 373 Space, and the art object, 108 Stalin, Josef, 260, 289 n. 12 Stalinism and art. See Zhdanov Sfanislavski, Konstantin, 193 Stevenson, Charles L., 16, 36, 169 Stochastic art. See Chance Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 121, 356 Stoics, 156 Stolnitz, Jerome, 8, 23 Stolovich, Leonid, 75, 86 n.61 Strauss, Richard, 383 406 Index Stravinsky, Igor, 141, 189, 383 Strindberg, August, 194, 196, 380 Striptease, 381, 387 Structuralism in Democritean mimetic tradition, 204 and historicism, 44, 59, 69-71, 85 n.55, 146, 303 influence of, on marxism, 347-348, 364 Structure and "higher meaning", 219, 221, 230, 246 n.7, 342 in historical process, 44, 57-67, 70, 122 n.4 and sensuously given qualities, 75, 98-105, 112, 114, 121, 131-139, 170, 189-193, 363 Strzeminski, Wladislaw, 89, 214 Stuart, Dugald, 74 Style. See Individuality Sub|ectivism as a theory of art, 9-18, 42, 46-47, 56, 76, 126-128, 1 56. See also Sociologism; Taste Sublime, 90, 149 Surrealism, 90-91, 106-111, 195, 240, 312, 336 Symbols as conventions, 219, 230, 245 n.3, 302 iconic, 60-61, 67, 103, 118 and meaning, 75, 145, 191, 213, 310 Symmetry, 60, 62, 67, 77, 102 Syntagmatics, of artistic "language" 211, 216, 219, 221, 225 langue and langage, 211, 228-229 Taine, Hippolyte, 4, 24, 74, 128, 160, 196 Tanizaki, Yunichiro, 190 Tapestries, 138 Tartu study center, Estonia, U.S.S.R., 203, 302 Taste de gustlbus non disputandum, 9, 28, 52, 125, 158-159 as disposition to experience, 161-168 genesis, 161 voluntarism of, 165-166 whirligig of, 41 See also Relativist theory of art Tatarkiewicz, Wladislaw, 84 n.50 Tatlin, Vladimir, 89 Technique (techne, bricolage), 53, 59, 61, 62, 67, 71, 72, 75, 96, 109, 114, 333 as a theme of art, 92, 312-317, 322 See also Craft Television, 209, 211, 224, 234, 333 Tendentiousness, 146, 235-236, 240-241, 264, 325 and utopianism, 336-337 Theatricalization, of the arts, 77, 120 Theme, and artistic greatness, 143 Thomson, George, 64-65 Tinyanov, Juriy, 70, 142 Tolstoi, Alexey, 275 Tolstoi, Leo, 147, 236, 260, 323 Topoi, 27, 349-352 Tormey, Alan, 200 n. 10 Torossian, Aram, 17 Torroja, Eduardo, 138 Tragedy, 90, 208, 283 Trançty, K. E., 100, 118 Trofimov, Pavel, 306 n.3 Trotsky, Leon, 258 Truth, artistic. See Cognition; Mimetic art Tsia Che-piao, 217 Tuwim, Julian, 102 Tynyanov, Juriy, 301 Typology specific application of, in art, 235-237, 239, 244, 248 n.23, 300 and value, 1, 8, 46, 148, 172, 221, 227- 228, 232-235, 343 Tzara, Tristan, 111 Ugliness, 7, 90, 93-94, 149 Uniqueness, of art objects. See Originality 407 Index Unity in diversity, 102, 130. See also Gestaltism Urbanski, Kazimierz, 115 Urmson, J. O., 17 U.S.S.R., aesthetics in, 43, 74-75, 84 n.47, 116, 123 n. 13, 196, 200 n. 11, 233, 273, 298-308 influence of Plekhanov on, 296 See also Realism, socialist Ut pictura poesis, 103 Utilitarian functions of art, 106. See also Functions of art Utitz, Emil, 42 Vadim, Roger, 375 Valuation (appraisal), aesthetic criteria of, 1 -87, 1 25, 1 29, 174 development of standards for, 2, 48-57, 129, 136, 167, 171 distinguished from evaluation, 6, 38, 125- 155 and subcriteria, 55, 171 See also Reasons Valuational qualities and autotelicism, 106, 108 balancing of, 100-103 constituent and heightened, 6, 55, 114 and expression, 189-192 indirectly evocative, 102-103 norms of, 5-7, 37, 75, 100-103, 111 patterns in, 191 quantifying of, 132-133 and values, 6-7, 55, 105, 191 Value, aesthetic (artistic) axiological-philosophical assumptions, 1, 41, 52-57, 129-130 constituent, 116, 118, 126-130. See also Expression; Form; Structure distributive, residual. See Construction-function- form; Mimetic art; Novelty; Originality distributive, nonresidual, 145-149, 363. See also Ideology; Morality; Politics; Religion and "essence" of art, 1, 6, 33-34, 232. See also Typology evaluation of. See Evaluation experience as source of, 138, 143 founded on artistic work, 1-2, 57, 59, 210 historical origins of, 45, 296-297 para-artistic, 314, 370 preartistic, 53, 65, 71, 205 ranking of, 137-138 standards of definition of, 1-78, 168-169, 178-179, 363. See also Valuation subjectivity-objectivity of, 2-3, 17, 174. See also Value facts Value facts definition, 79 n. I and facts in a strict sense, 3-5, 169, 174, 178 n.7 and sociohistorical norms, 5, 38, 41 -42, 50 Value judgment and academicism, 252-253 by direct apprehension of work, 132, 139 and dogmatism, 251-254 objectivity of, 5-57, 126-130, 156-179 sociohistorical context of, 6, 41, 50 relation to taste, 163 Van der Rohe, Ludwig Mies, 135 Variation of themes, 7 Verlaine, Paul, 102 Vermeer, Jean, 141, 143 Vertov, Dziga, 208, 256 Vico, Giambattista, 48, 160 Vinci, Leonardo da, 89, 156, 251 Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 276 Vivas, Eliseo, 1 Voronsky, Aleksander, 258, 260 Vygotsky, Lev. 103, 301 Wajda, Andrei, 355 Wallis, Mieczyslaw, 9, 13, 100 Wallon, Henri, 62 408 Index Walsh, Dorothy, 86 n.62 Warhol, Andy, 379, 389 Wasilewski, Edmund, 325 Watt, Ian, 307 n.5 Watteau, Antoine, 240 Wedekind, Frank, 192 Weerth, Georg, 325 Weiss, Peter, 318 Weissberg-Cybulski, Alexander, 281 Weitz, Morris, 1,16, 33-34, 36-39, 74, 171, 230, 245 n.7 Wellek, Rene, 306 n. 1 Welles, Orson, 209, 355 Wertheimer, Max, 24, 98, 105 Whistler, James M„ 324 Whitman, Walt, 133 Whyte, L. L„ 25 Wienerkreis, 15 Wilde, Oscar, 322, 365 Wimsatt, W. K., 103 Wish fulfillment theory of art, 13, 91. See also Freud, Jung Witkiewicz, Stanislaw Ignacy, 19, 140, 195, 219, 243, 279, 353, 382 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 8, 15-16, 30-33, 50, 56, 97, 118-119, 168 Wittkower, Rudolf and Margot, 339 n.5 Witwicki, W., 9, 14 Wolff, Christian, 20 Wollheim, Richard, 200 n.7 Worringer, Wilhelm, 19 Wycherley, William, 370 Zamyatin, Yevgeniy, 258, 278-279 Zhdanov, A. A„ 260, 263-267 Zhdanovism, 268-273 Zhirmunsky, Viktor, 301 Ziff, Paul, 33, 35 Zola, Emile, 242-243, 250 n.23, 264, 372 Zolkiewski, Stefan, 302 |
